The 5 Canons of Classical Rhetoric

The 5 Canons of Classical Rhetoric The classical Canons of Rhetoric specify the components of the communication act: inventing and arranging ideas, choosing and delivering clusters of words, and maintaining in memory a storehouse of ideas and repertoire of behaviors. . .  This breakdown is not as facile as it looks. The Canons have stood the test of time. They represent a legitimate taxonomy of processes. Instructors [in our own time] can situate their pedagogical strategies in each of the Canons.(Gerald M. Phillips et al., Communication Incompetencies: A Theory of Training Oral Performance Behavior. Southern Illinois University Press, 1991) As defined by the Roman philosopher Cicero and the unknown author of Rhetorica ad Herennium, the canons of rhetoric are these five overlapping divisions of the rhetorical process: Invention  (Latin, inventio; Greek, heuresis)Invention is the art of finding the appropriate arguments in any rhetorical situation. In his early treatise De Inventione (c. 84 B.C.), Cicero defined invention as the discovery of valid or seemingly valid arguments to render ones cause probable. In contemporary rhetoric, invention generally refers to a wide variety of research methods and discovery strategies. But to be effective, as Aristotle demonstrated 2,500 years ago, invention must also take into consideration the needs, interests, and background of the audience.Arrangement  (Latin, dispositio; Greek, taxis)Arrangement refers to the parts of a speech or, more broadly, the structure of a text. In classical rhetoric, students were taught the distinctive parts of an oration. Although scholars didnt always agree on the number of parts, Cicero and Quintilian identified these six: the exordium (or introduction), the narrative, the partition (or division), the confirmation, the refuta tion, and the peroration (or conclusion). In current-traditional rhetoric, arrangement has often been reduced to the three-part structure (introduction, body, conclusion) embodied by the five-paragraph theme. Style  (Latin, elocutio; Greek, lexis)Style is the way in which something is spoken, written, or performed. Narrowly interpreted, style refers to word choice, sentence structures, and figures of speech. More broadly, style is considered a manifestation of the person speaking or writing. Quintilian identified three levels of style, each suited to one of the three primary functions of rhetoric: the plain style for instructing an audience, the middle style for moving an audience, and the grand style for pleasing an audience.Memory  (Latin, memoria; Greek, mneme)This canon includes all the methods and devices (including figures of speech) that can be used to aid and improve the memory. Roman rhetoricians made a distinction between natural memory (an innate ability) and artificial memory (particular techniques that enhanced natural abilities). Though often disregarded by composition specialists today, memory was a crucial aspect of classical systems of rhetoric. As Frances A. Yates po ints out in The Art of Memory (1966), Memory is not a section of [Platos] treatise, as one part of the art of rhetoric; memory in the platonic sense is the groundwork of the whole. Delivery  (Latin, pronuntiato and actio; Greek, hypocrisis)Delivery refers to the management of voice and gestures in oral discourse. Delivery, Cicero said in De Oratore, has the sole and supreme power in oratory; without it, a speaker of the highest mental capacity can be held in no esteem; while one of moderate abilities, with this qualification, may surpass even those of the highest talent. In written discourse today, says Robert J. Connors, delivery means only one thing: the format and conventions of the final written product as it reaches the hands of the reader (Actio: A Rhetoric of Written Delivery in Rhetorical Memory and Delivery, 1993).   Keep in mind that the five traditional canons are interrelated activities, not rigid formulas, rules, or categories. Though originally intended as aids to the composition and delivery of formal speeches, the canons are adaptable to many communicative situations, both in speech and in writing.

The 5 Canons of Classical Rhetoric

The 5 Canons of Classical Rhetoric The classical Canons of Rhetoric specify the components of the communication act: inventing and arranging ideas, choosing and delivering clusters of words, and maintaining in memory a storehouse of ideas and repertoire of behaviors. . .  This breakdown is not as facile as it looks. The Canons have stood the test of time. They represent a legitimate taxonomy of processes. Instructors [in our own time] can situate their pedagogical strategies in each of the Canons.(Gerald M. Phillips et al., Communication Incompetencies: A Theory of Training Oral Performance Behavior. Southern Illinois University Press, 1991) As defined by the Roman philosopher Cicero and the unknown author of Rhetorica ad Herennium, the canons of rhetoric are these five overlapping divisions of the rhetorical process: Invention  (Latin, inventio; Greek, heuresis)Invention is the art of finding the appropriate arguments in any rhetorical situation. In his early treatise De Inventione (c. 84 B.C.), Cicero defined invention as the discovery of valid or seemingly valid arguments to render ones cause probable. In contemporary rhetoric, invention generally refers to a wide variety of research methods and discovery strategies. But to be effective, as Aristotle demonstrated 2,500 years ago, invention must also take into consideration the needs, interests, and background of the audience.Arrangement  (Latin, dispositio; Greek, taxis)Arrangement refers to the parts of a speech or, more broadly, the structure of a text. In classical rhetoric, students were taught the distinctive parts of an oration. Although scholars didnt always agree on the number of parts, Cicero and Quintilian identified these six: the exordium (or introduction), the narrative, the partition (or division), the confirmation, the refuta tion, and the peroration (or conclusion). In current-traditional rhetoric, arrangement has often been reduced to the three-part structure (introduction, body, conclusion) embodied by the five-paragraph theme. Style  (Latin, elocutio; Greek, lexis)Style is the way in which something is spoken, written, or performed. Narrowly interpreted, style refers to word choice, sentence structures, and figures of speech. More broadly, style is considered a manifestation of the person speaking or writing. Quintilian identified three levels of style, each suited to one of the three primary functions of rhetoric: the plain style for instructing an audience, the middle style for moving an audience, and the grand style for pleasing an audience.Memory  (Latin, memoria; Greek, mneme)This canon includes all the methods and devices (including figures of speech) that can be used to aid and improve the memory. Roman rhetoricians made a distinction between natural memory (an innate ability) and artificial memory (particular techniques that enhanced natural abilities). Though often disregarded by composition specialists today, memory was a crucial aspect of classical systems of rhetoric. As Frances A. Yates po ints out in The Art of Memory (1966), Memory is not a section of [Platos] treatise, as one part of the art of rhetoric; memory in the platonic sense is the groundwork of the whole. Delivery  (Latin, pronuntiato and actio; Greek, hypocrisis)Delivery refers to the management of voice and gestures in oral discourse. Delivery, Cicero said in De Oratore, has the sole and supreme power in oratory; without it, a speaker of the highest mental capacity can be held in no esteem; while one of moderate abilities, with this qualification, may surpass even those of the highest talent. In written discourse today, says Robert J. Connors, delivery means only one thing: the format and conventions of the final written product as it reaches the hands of the reader (Actio: A Rhetoric of Written Delivery in Rhetorical Memory and Delivery, 1993).   Keep in mind that the five traditional canons are interrelated activities, not rigid formulas, rules, or categories. Though originally intended as aids to the composition and delivery of formal speeches, the canons are adaptable to many communicative situations, both in speech and in writing.

Intermediaries in Funding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intermediaries in Funding - Essay Example However, growth is directly associated to the introduction of financial asset or capital. The selection of right intermediary to obtain finance is not a straight forward process though, it is universally agreed that a commercial bank may serve that purpose well. Banking institution provides a certain amount of confidence and trust both to borrowers and lenders, due to the legal and ethical framework that normally regulates it. Bank provides loan as working capital to small and medium enterprises but also also provides some elements of institutionalised flexibility which greatly facilitates the concerned business as "intermediary are usually less risky"( Schenk. n.d). Many other intermediaries are available to obtain working capital for businesses. However, certain hindering factors come to surface seriously especially when it comes to guaranteed resettlement of borrowed capital and certain companies will have limitations depending on the stage they have reach in finance cycle. The extent of growth will influence thus the relationship with financial institutions and other s. The larger the companies the bigger are the trust customer and other institutions have in them mainly when there is joint venturing during which occurs mostly during diversification. Businesses at large are faced with extreme internal and external challenges.

Group portfolio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Group portfolio - Research Paper Example One of the core values that Haier has is the rights and wrongs sense in which the product users are always right while the company need to improve itself2. The value acts as a motivator, hence forming values for customers. Therefore, the firm’s employees work their best to meet the customer’s requirements in addition to generating a wide variety of choices that they can choose from. The workforce has a mind-set, whereby, they feel the need to persistently advance themselves, which they perceive to be the only way they can continually refuse, dare and outdo themselves to realize triumph through establishment of innovation out of change. The organization, in addition, has an adaptive culture that has led to its growth, whereby, it maintains its pace with the social growth as well as remains in case of any world changes. Its innovativeness as well as the entrepreneurship character enables the firm to uphold a competitive benefit in the ever-changing market. That is to say, the more radical the world changes the quicker the speed of customer’s variation, hence, the more lasting the inheritance turns out to be3. In addition, the organization has employed the concept of two spirits, innovation and entrepreneurship, which is considered to be the gene for the company’s consistent culture. The gene ensures that all members of the workforce maintain their value as well as aid them in their individual development. It is also mandated for every employee to have the entrepreneurship and innovation spirits. Entrepreneurship is considered to be the spirit of pioneering work in which the company persuades all employees to have it4. They are encouraged to transform from being supervised and instead become their own managers. On the other hand, innovation specializes on creation of new value, which is majorly generated from creation of new product users. Lastly, the interest theory of â€Å"win-win model

Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay -- essays research papers

William Golding explores the vulnerability of society in a way that can be read on many different levels. A less detailed look at the book, Lord of the Flies, is a simple fable about boys stranded on an island. Another way to comprehend the book is as a statement about mans inner savage and reverting to a primitive state without societies boundaries. By examining the Lord of the Flies further, it is revealed that many themes portray Golding’s views, including a religious persecution theme. Golding includes the theme of religious persecution to remind people of mans true nature, and by doing so alludes the fact that the next time society deteriorates, due to nuclear war, may be the last. The parallels between Goldings novel and the bible are too numerous for it to be coincidence, which we can see is mainly reflected through characters and symbolism. The first parallel is the similarity between the Garden of Eden and the Island in Lord of the Flies. Both are tropical, beautiful, pristine and untouched. However this changes once the boys have left a scar in the forest of the island, comparable to the scar Adam and Eve left in the Garden of Eden. The most difficult to discover religious element in the novel is the title. Lord of the Flies, once translated into Greek, means ‘Beelzebub’ - a name for the devil. This implies that the embodiment of religious evil is the main thought throughout the book. Another well hidden religious element is the stick sharpened a t both ends, whic...

Disavantage and avantage of parliamentary system

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Parliamentary System A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state in which the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from, and is held accountable to the legislature. The executive and legislative branches are thus interconnected. In parliamentary system, the head of state is normally different from the head of government.However, parliamentary system had its own advantages and disadvantages. One of the common advantages parliamentary system had is that it's faster and easier to pass legislation. This is because that the executive branch is dependent upon the direct or indirect support from the legislative branch. The executive branch is often includes members of the legislature. As the executive branch is made of the majority party or coalition of parties in the legislature, they possess more votes in order to pass legislation. Usually a bill becomes law within a single session of parliament.Besides, in a parli amentary system, with a collegial executive, power is more divided. It can also be argues that power in parliamentary ystem is more evenly spread out in the power structure of parliamentary system. If comparing the prime minister from the parliamentary system and the president from the presidential system, prime minister seldom tends to have as high importance as a ruling president. Parliamentary system tends to be focus more on voting for parties and its political ideas rather than focusing on voting for an actual person.There is also a body of scholarship, associated with Juan Linz, Fred Riggs, Bruce Ackerman, and Robert Dahl that claims that the parliamentary system is likely to or liable to suffer from authoritarian collapse. These scholars point out that World War II, two- thirds of Third World countries establishing parliamentary governments successfully made the transition to democracy. By contrast, no Third World presidential system successfully made the transition to democr acy without experiencing coups and other constitutional breakdowns.One main criticism and benefits of many parliamentary systems is that the head of government is in almost all cases not the electorate, or by a set of electors directly chosen by the people, separate from the legislature. However, in a parliamentary system the prime minister is elected by he legislature, often under the strong influence of the party leadership. Thus, a party's candidate for the head of government is usually known before the election, possibly making the election as much about the person as the party behind him or her.Another major criticism of the parliamentary system lies precisely in its purported advantage which is no truly independent body to oppose and veto legislation passed by the parliament, and therefore no substantial check on legislative power. Conversely, because of the lack of inherent separation of powers, some believe that a parliamentary system can place too much power in the xecutive entity, leading to the feeling that the legislature or Judiciary have little scope to administer checks or balances on the executive.However, parliamentary systems may be bicameral, with an upper house designed to check the power of the lower. Although parliamentarianism has been praised for allowing an election to take place at any time, the lack of a definite election calendar can be abused. In some parliamentary systems, such as the British, a ruling party can schedule elections when it feels that it is likely to do well, and so avoid elections at times of unpopularity. Thus, by wise timing of elections, in a parliamentary system a party can extend its rule for longer than is feasible in a functioning presidential system.This problem can be alleviated somewhat by setting fixed dates for parliamentary elections, as is the case in several of Australia's state parliaments. In other systems, such as the Dutch and the Belgian, the ruling party or coalition has some flexibility in det ermining the election date. Conversely, flexibility in the timing of parliamentary elections avoids having periods of legislative gridlock that can occur in a fixed period presidential system.

Fitness Can Help With Stress - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1055 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Sports Essay Level High school Topics: Fitness Essay Did you like this example? For this Research paper, the topic that has been chosen is the early adulthood stage. There are many changes that occur during this time, and affect the majority of todays society. A few characteristics someone would have going on in their lives are physical, social, and mental changes during this stage. They are going through these changes due to a leap from the adolescence stage to the early adulthood stage. During this time period, it brings many changes to ones life such as what they are going to do in life, where they are going to college, and how they are going to present themselves to others. The theory being related to the topic chosen is Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. In this theory, he explains the different stages we go through to finally reach a concept called self-actualization. The concepts Maslow discusses are very important in the early adulthood stages. When going through this stage of early adulthood, one has to make many life-changing decisions. This crea tes a lot of stress for young adults because, in a way, this is going to be shaping out the rest of their life. At the core of this theory, it talks about how we need to fulfill our basic needs in life before we can pursue higher levels of needs that we have. The first stage Maslow discusses in his theory is our physiological needs. These are human survival needs such as food, water, air, and shelter. Once they are taken care of, then we can go onto the next stage which is our safety needs. In the safety needs stage, we need to feel protected from injury and death. Without this security, we are held back from being able to move to the next stage of the pyramid. Next is love and belonging, this is where personal connections are made. For example, friendships, bonds with family members, and becoming a part of your society. Stage number four in the pyramid is your esteem needs which brings you to what Maslow calls your higher needs. Higher level needs are met once all the lower level needs are satisfied. This is when you create your own reputation and become comfortable with yourself. The esteem stage is very important in life because this makes you the person you want to be and also what you want others to see. Theres nothing worse than someone wanting to do something but they cannot because of low self-esteem issues. This can set a person back and make them constantly have regrets. Finally, once a person has fulfilled all of these stages, the highest stage is met, Self-actualization. Self-actualization is when one truly become their self. Meaning you have fulfilled your unique potential while you continue to appreciate the life you are living. You learn this while completing all of the steps we covered in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. This theory shows how our life is made up of many different steps. Self-actualization is a major step we need to reach to understand who we are and what our plan and purpose are in life. The social topic that has been ch osen for this paper is fitness. Fitness was chosen as a social topic because it is something that is very important in todays society. The definition of fitness is the condition of being physically fit and healthy. Not only does it help our body look good but it also helps with our mental health. Some of the benefits fitness create in todays society are jobs, stress relievers and boosts overall health. Jobs in todays society are very important and fitness is helping to provide the worlds population with jobs. Research shows that the majority of professional trainers are the happiest people. Being a physical trainer can be very satisfying by seeing people change in many different ways. This not only benefits the trainer but it also benefits the client. Fitness also creates a way to cope and deal with stress. The majority of people deal with stress in very unhealthy ways. Statistics show the majority of people use drugs, alcohol, lack of sleep, smoking and many other unhealthy t hings to deal with stress. Instead of choosing to hurt your body, people should become more aware of how fitness can positively help with stress while also increasing your overall health. When someone thinks of going to the gym, most of the time its correlated with being tried and too much work is involved to make it happen. But exercise on a daily or weekly basis can really boost your energy levels. This happens because our body gets accustomed to the force and effort we use when we exercise. Another benefit fitness can lead to is a social activity. Many people go to the gym with their family members and friends. This creates a time where you can help each other in positive ways while bettering yourselves. Also, the gyms always packed with people so there are numerous friendships that can be made while working out. When someone is in the early adulthood stage they are going through a lot of changes. Something that is very important during this time is your esteem needs. T he reason esteem needs are so important is because this shapes you as an individual. As an early adult, you have so many important decisions to make, people to impress, and obstacles to overcome. Fitness can help your esteem needs in many ways. When someone is having trouble with self-esteem and continues to feel like they cannot change anything thats happening in their life, Fitness can be the first step they take to change their negative esteem mindset. Imagine taking a picture of yourself in the mirror and thinking to yourself I look HORRIBLE!! So then you start to read, learn and become a member at a fitness center. Fitness is not something that takes minimal effort, its a sport where you have to put dedication into. After being dedicated to something and seeing results, its proven that its a self-esteem booster. Setting a goal and achieving it is one of the best feelings out there. So many different articles and people explain this life-changing experience. Even if the bod y doesnt look like a supermodel, the person is still aware that they have the power to make changes on their own. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fitness Can Help With Stress" essay for you Create order