Describe what you see Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Describe what you see - Essay Example The statue is wearing a tunic and tights, adorned with a long fur coat, which has puffed sleeves, seeming pleasantly anachronistic against the background adorned by the premises of the State Community College. The legs of the statue are short, thick and firm, depicting a pachyderm like balance and strength. The hands are comparatively shapely and long, signifying the sophistication of the Western civilization. The facial features of the statue are lean, masculine and imbued with determination, resembling a mountain like stability and solidity. The statue is about as high as a young oak tree, commensurately solid and firm. The forehead is slim and slightly furrowed, evincing the determination of a crouching lion. The eyes are almond shaped and gazing ahead, akin to a search light like focus. Overall the contours of the statue are bold, monolithic, and round, accentuating the solidity of the marble rock from which it was

Young Enterprise Essay Example for Free

Young Enterprise Essay Richard Branson. Sir Allen Sugar. Sir John Harvey Jones. All of these men are successful entrepreneurs that began with a thought but ended with a million. How ever they had to become a successful entrepreneur they had to enterprise. So what is enterprising? Well enterprising is a set of skills that a business man or women do that will earn him profits that he will take as his wages. However enterprising is not that easy it requires a whole range of skills that will allow him or her to enterprise successfully. The Skills required are E.N.T.E.R.P.R.I.S.I.N.G.: Effort- Effort is important for enterprising. Before selling an item or making a sufficient deal you need to put some effort in. The amount of effort you put towards your deal will determine how much you get out of your deal. Negotiable- Before selling both sides the seller and consumer have to meet at an agreeable price. You might want the price and the consumer might want it lower so therefore if you want to enterprise you need to negotiate. Time management- A good entrepreneur always has track of time. To enterprise you need to be on time for your meetings and be proficient at moving from job to job. If you are not you will be looked down by the consumer and this may effect your status. Enthusiasm- Enthusiasm is important for enterprising. If one of your team members are lacking in their job and have too much to do if you are enthusiastic then you can offer to help them. This will give you a challenge to do as well as being looked at for specific skills and qualities. Risk- Risks are important in life and especially if you are going to enterprise. You need to take some risks without being nervous and manage them. You need to have courage because in most cases risks are the little things that make the money. Performance- Performance is also key. Your performance will reflect on how successful you are. Performance is not only how much you achieve e.g. how much profit you have made. Performance is how determined you are to meet a target/ goal and how quickly you achieve it. Responsibility- If you are going to be a successful entrepreneur then you need to be reliable and consistent. You will need to complete all of you responsibilities before you relax. If you can not handle your responsibility there is a high chance of you getting fired. Intelligent- In business and enterprising you will need to be intelligent. You will need to be clever as you will be working with numbers. You will need to plan your project and think up the positive and negative sides to you plan. This can only be done by an intelligent worker. Self motivated- if you are working as a team you are set a target. As a team member you need to motivate your team as well as your self to make you believe that you are able to achieve your target. If you do not then your team would not be determined and will perform poorly. Independence- Independence is a key factor. Although you will have to work in groups you need to have independence. You will need to be able to work independently and not always with a team. Your independence will reflect you image as an entrepreneur. Neuro Linguistic- Neuro linguistic is long complex words that mean communication skills. To become a successful entrepreneur you need to have good body language and communication skills. If you are in a meeting or putting across an idea you will need good communication skills to show that you are serious and look professionals. Good ideas- If you are going to be enterprising you need to think of good ideas. You need to cover every aspect of detail before you put your idea forward. QUALIFICATIONS AND ACHIEVMENTS To become an entrepreneur you will need some achievements and academic qualifications. You will need a high standard level in maths and English in your GCSEs. If you want a better chance then higher education will help such as: Accountancy; this will shoe you profits and costs. Economics; help you studies the economies around the world and stock market. Business Studies; this will help you to manage and setup your on business successfully. Also if you want a job it will be good to show: Reference; to show your performance. Experience; to show that you are capable and you have worked in a high pressured environment. RICHARD BRANSON There are many successful entreoeuners in the U.K. However Richard Branson is one of many that have generally met the skills needed. Richard Branson left school at the age of 16 and started a student Advisory Centre. At the age of the 20 he became independent and had a good idea of setting up a record retailer in Oxford Street called Virgin. On the way he started with nothing. However he was self- motivated and his effort for hunting down singers finally paid off. Eventually he signed Belinda Carlisle, Genesis, Phil Collins and Culture Club. His record company was becoming successful and there was more responsibility for Richard Branson. After 12 years f successful enterprising Richard took his intelligence to the next level. After his great performance in virgin he took a major risk and in 1984 he opened Virgin Atlantic Airways which became the 2nd largest international airline service. This was an airline business which earned millions. Due to this he sold Virgin to EMI. However from starting selling records Richard Branson now owns Virgin Coke, Vie make-up, Virgin Vodka, Virgin Insurance, Virgin Mobile phones (which he sold for 1 million pounds in 2006) and a Nigerian based airline called Virgin Nigeria. In 2007 Branson began flights from San Francisco airport called Virgin America. Now Virgin is worth $2.8 billion. Richard Branson began with a though but ended with a couple of billion. He met most of the E.N.T.E.R.P.R.I.S.I.N.G criteria and now continues his multi billon dollar worth company. WHY IS ENTERPRISING IMPORTANT Enterprising is important to the UKs economy. It helps the U.K socialise with other foreign countries. If there is a good deal then other countries would interact and involve the U.K with other business project which will make the U.K reflect a positive image to the world.

Technology Blessing Or Curse

Technology Blessing Or Curse We live in the age of technology. We commute by automobiles and airplanes and communicate by emails and mobiles. The media and the Internet provide us the latest information from all over the world. Movies filled with hi-tech special effects entertain us. Air conditioners and room heaters keep our life comfortable despite climatic inconveniences. The list goes on. Technology has transformed almost every aspect of our lives. Of course, a few of us may have concerns about the pollution and environmental problems that technology has led to. But overall most people feel that technology has benefited us immensely. Intoduction In the mid-20th century, people have gained control technology sufficient to leave the Earths atmosphere and space for the first time. The technology used to know the techniques or methods of organization to solve the problem by the method of right and serve the purpose. Technology affect the person and the possibility of other kinds of animals to adapt to the natural environment. Human species has begun using the technology that makes it simple natural tools. Discovery of prehistory, the ability to control fire increased food sources and the invention of the wheel helped humans to travel and explore your surroundings. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes to develop weapons and destructive power has evolved over the centuries, from clubs to nuclear weapons. Technology also has an impact on society and the environment in many ways .. In many societies, technology has helped bring a more developed economy and allow the entertainment show class.Many technologi cal processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, anddeplete natural resources, harm the earth and its surroundings. different use of technology influence the values of society and new technology often increases the new ethical questions. Example: survey The concept of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally used only for machines, and challenge the traditional norms.Philosophical a discussion about current and future use of technology in our society, with disagreements about the technology improves the human condition or worsens the situation. So technology is not a blessing or a curse, is both. We can not determine whether one of them. We live between technologies. Travel by car and aircraft and to communicate via telephone and email and telephone. The media and the Internet make us the latest information from around the world. Movies packed with hi-tech special effects to entertain us. Air conditioners and heaters to keep our lives well, but climatic disadvantages. Technology has changed virtually all face in our lives. Some of us may have problems with pollution and environmental problems as the technology lead. But in general most people feel that technology has benefited us more. The technology is now so f undamental to human life. No one can deny the benefits of technology. But most people can not see another hand.Technology has two faces. Despite the encounter, there are many problems caused by technology. For example, in the past, you rarely see people with glasses, now almost all teen glasses. The reason is that many teenagers are using computers for a long time, to the extent that destroy their own eyes. Moreover, people today rely on technology too. Most people complain when they could not use computer for the special day with teenagers. People complain when the computer accident and not save the file you worked on. Humans rely on so much technology that no one would survive if there is no technologyin the world. In my opinion, technology is a blessing or a curse, is both. What does change in attitude is how they use it. We can not coward on nuclear weapons for the damage it produces, which teaches that the epidemic. Everything is better as the technology used to create everything. What will stay in our consciousness, its what we do with it either bless or curse our environment, and as a result of our own lives Introduction Questionnaire Results The questionnaire was an interesting way to take a peak at the opinions of the people in order to compare them to the findings of my research. I tried to keep the sample representative and balanced for example I made sure that of the 20 given the questionnaire 10 were male and 10 were female. Q1) How many people use technology? A- 8-15 B- 15-25 C- 25-40 D- 40 + This tells me that the majority of the sample group asked believe the people in 15-25 is the most range use technology in wide range. Q2) Most of people believe the technology is blessing? A- Agree B- Strongly agree C- Disagree D- Strongly disagree E- Neutral Most of them answer of the technology is blessing by strongly agree its refer the technology is very important in the life Q3) can we avoid the bad side effect of technology? A- can B- Cant C- May be Here we see that the majority feel that the technology may avoided the bad side effect. Q4) Age appropriate person so that he could keep up with the evolution of technology†¦.. A- 10-15 B- 15-25 C- 25-30 D- 30+ We see here the most suitable age which the person could keep up with technology is 10-15 then the ratio decrease when the age grows up. Q5) Technology double-edged sword A- Agree B- Strongly agree C- Neutral D- Disagree E- Strongly disagree Most of people see the Technology double-edged sword and no one disagree. Part II Causes:- To be know the method of organization to solve the problem in right way:- By the mid 20th century, humans had achieved supremacy of technology sufficient to leave the atmosphere of the Earth for the first time and space. Technology used for know the techniques or method of organization to solve the problem by the right method and serve some purpose. Technologies are affecting human as well as other animal kinds ability to adapt to their natural environments. The human species began to use technology by conversion the natural things into simple tools like a- How produce afire by a simple way b- Wheel help the human in travel c- Make a coat by simple way The aim of the technology when it began is good. The people want by simple tools make something help them in daily life. So, we invite a lot of something to help us and us it daily. Now, these things we cant life without it. Like a- Electricity b- Air-condition c- Less of water And a lot of things we use it and cant imagine our life without it. So, the technology helps us in our life to be more easily.When a technology has been used by communities to compete to develop themselves. Therefore, the technology has two faces are the face of good and the other face is evil. And with that despite the good start that was designed to facilitate peoples lives. For example, when he invented dynamite was to open the mines know, and iron and other minerals, but after then used in World War This is how the beginning but the end is bad. So he makes Nobel PRIZE to encouragepeople to make a good invite which help the world and people. Effects:- 1- The good effect (Blessing) Technology improves our goodness of life. By use the technology we have important discoveries. In our life we depend in technology in everything in our life. When you think about the technology you found yourself use it every minute. So, it is important in our life and the life will be different without it. The technology enters in all fields like pharmacy, medicine and engineering. Its difficult to see field without technology. In medicine it is make a big different. Now we can treat the patient without make meeting. It saves our time and effort and more and more in this field. The technology makes our life easier. And the big invite which convert the impossible to possible. It is the internet which can connect and communicate with people who are miles away from us. Its only one of the many examples we could give it to verify the fact that the technology is a blessing. All media depend on the technology. Now we know whats happen in any region in world by the media. Its easy now but in the past its like difficult to imagine it. But the technologies make a big Event in our life when something invite like a- Computer b- Internet c- Cell phone These inventions change a human life in twentieth century. But the important inventions in the past Are 1-Wheel We see it everywhere, in cars, trucks, airplanes, ships, car interiors, toys and more. Life will never be the same without wheels. They range from wooden carts and carriages, a simple device, but it provides over time developed. With so many uses and applications, is still part of the human race, and one of the first steps of civilization. Can you imagine that he does not take a taxi to the hotel? instead of this situation, a few miles with tons of pockets? Or did he get an hours walk to the mall? 2. Tools People are left thumb, which led to the development of tools. Simple instruments such as the use of sharp rocks into knives and spears cut. Large rock as a used hammer has become a stream. We have our houses, animals, trapped in our rooms built and improve our way of life with tools. Interestingly, some mammals and birds use a variety of tools. 3. Sanitation System in which waste collected and disposed of at the same time is more than somewhere useful. Old people saw it and were among the first to invent system. Today we rarely think of the network pipes beneath our feet and make sure that our waste stays out of our eyes and nose! Im glad to know that we are not stool on the floor. Well, most of the time. 4. Roads Dirt paths taken by hunters were from vehicles, but it was invented after the invention of the wheel, there is a real need for better roads. Dirt trodden path now, wood, stone and brick streets. For convenience of use, to transport routes, the world is a success. Today is the backbone of the economy and society. Consider buying a life without the road. We lived in the houses at random. Transported goods slowed. There will be more accidents

Machiavelli’s The Prince and the Modern Executive Essay -- Machiavelli

The Prince and the Modern Executive  Ã‚      Few question The Prince’s place in the canon of western literature. That it marks a turning point in our collective history, the origin of the study of politics as a science (Pollock 43), is alone enough to warrant its classification as a "Great Book. Its author, Niccolo Machiavelli, a contemporary of Copernicus, is generally accepted as an early contributor to the scientific revolution, because he looked at power and the nature of sovereignty through the eyes of a scientist, focused completely on the goal without regard for religion and morals and ethics. Machiavelli taught that the way princes actually do govern often differs substantially from than the way they ought to govern, according to medieval Christian virtues. Sir Frederick Pollock wrote that in Machiavelli we find "for the first time since Aristotle, the pure passionless curiosity of the man of science. We find the separation of Ethics and Politics†¦Machiavelli takes no account of morality" (43). Machiave lli considers a successful ruler to be above morality, since the safety and expansion of the state are the supreme objectives. There had not been such a frank rejection of morality since the Greek Sophists. His ideas are in stark contrast with traditional church teachings. It is no wonder that The Prince was added to the Index of banned books and even today remains one of the most criticized and controversial books ever written. It is a scientific investigation into the tactics of retaining power. It is about application of power in the pursuit a greater goal. The Prince is, above all, about leadership. Though it is doubtful that Machiavelli realized the far reaching impact of his work. Its application is timeless and parti... ...l to read The Prince and, if they have already read it, read it again. As with all truly "Great Books," each successive reading reveals fresh new ideas and insights. The Prince, though disturbingly cold and frank at times, is no different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Butterfield, Herbert. The Statecraft of Machiavelli. New York: MacMillan, 1956. Jones, W. T. Masters of Political Thought. Ed. Edward, McChesner, and Sait. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947. Lewis, Wyndham. The Lion and the Fox: The Role of the Hero in the Plays of Shakespeare. London: Methuen, 1951. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trans. Hill Thompson. Norwalk: The Easton Press, 1980. Pollock, Frederick. An Introduction to the History of the Science of Politics. London: MacMillan, 1935. Ruffo-Fiore, Silvia. Niccolo Machiavelli. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1982.      

I.T. Project †Converting a Card Index System to a Database Essay

The present system is based on the manual card index system so most of the work is done by hand, however due to the ever increasing growth of technology, and the internet, a wide range of resources are now being made easily accessible. British Airways has recently introduced booking online, where customers can book a flight and accommodation all over the Internet. Being such a big company as British Airways, most of their bookings are made through travel agents who book the flights and pass the information on to them. Question 1 – Could you describe the current system being used by Question 2 – How are these cards stored? Question3 – What problems do you encounter at the moment? Software Available MICROSOFT OFFICE 2000 WORD PROCESSOR – MICROSOFT WORD 2000 A word processing package is a program or set of programs used to edit, format, store and print documents. Word processors have many important unique features: * Spelling and Grammar Checker Misspelt words, or grammatical errors can be identified and corrected by the words in the computers dictionary. Correct words, identified by the spell check as wrong can be added to the dictionary. * Automatic creation of index and table of contents Any word in the text can be marked for inclusion in an index. Headings and subheadings in a given style can be included automatically in a table of contents, which can be updated at any time. * Import Files Tables, photographs, graphics, video and sound files can be imported from other sources and inserted in a document. * Mail merge A document and a list of names and addresses can be merged to produce personalised letters. * Creation of templates with preset text styles. Margins, formatting, letterheading etc. * WYSIWYG This stands for ‘What You See Is What you Get’, and refers to the ability to display on the screen. And enables the user to see their work on the screen exactly as it will be printed. SPREADSHEET – MICROSOFT EXCEL 2000 Spreadsheet packages allow a user to create worksheets (spreadsheets) representing data in column and row form. Spreadsheets are used for any application that uses numerical data, such as budgets, cash flow forecasts, profit and loss statements, student marks or results of experiment. Spreadsheet features: * Format cells, rows and columns, specifying for example, the alignment of text, number of decimal points, height and width of cells. * Copy cell contents to other locations, with automatic adjustment of formulae from an area to another location. * Determine the effect of several different hypothetical changes of data; this facility is called ‘what-if’ calculation. * Insert, move or delete rows and columns. * Use functions such as sum, average, max, min in formulae * Create a simple database and sort or query the data to produce a report of, say for example, all males gaining over a ‘C’ grade, for a list of students. * Write macros to automate common procedures * Create templates – Spreadsheets with formats and formulae already entered, into which new figures may be inserted. * Create ‘multi dimensional’ spreadsheets using several sheets, and copy data from one sheet to another * Create many different types of chart and graphs DATABASE – MICROSOFT ACCESS 2000 A database is a collection of data. It may be something as simple as a list of names and addresses or details of the CDs in your personal collection, or it may contain details of all the customers, products, orders and payments in a large organisation. When made reference to, the word ‘database’ is assumed to be data held on a computer, but manual databases also exist. Some smaller business (a garage) may hold a card index file with details about a customer and their car. The main difference between a manual and computerised databases is the speed at which data can be accessed. PRESENTATION GRAPHICS – MICROSOFT POWERPOINT 2000 Presentation graphics software such as PowerPoint is useful for putting together a presentation which can be delivered using a computer attached to a projection device, using transparencies and an ordinary overhead projector or as a self-running presentation in, say a shopping centre or cinema. The software allows the user to quickly create ‘slides’ combining text, graphics and pictures and to create animation or sound effects and ‘transition’ effects between slides. OPERATING SYSTEM – MICROSOFT WINDOWS 98 Hardware Available These are the specifications of the PC I am using at Home: OPERATING SYSTEM WINDOWS(r) 98 PLUS! CPU INTEL(r) CELERONTM / 333MHZ RAM 64MB FOR WINDOWS(r) 98 SCREEN DISPLAY 800 BY 600 PIXELS TRUE COLOUR (32 BIT) CD-ROM SPEED 32-SPEED AVAILABLE SPACE ON HARD DRIVE 2.4GB AUDIO 16-BIT SOUND CARD OTHER LOUDSPEAKERS These are the system specifications for the systems at school: OPERATING SYSTEM WINDOWS(r) 98 CPU 433MHZ RAM 32MB FOR WINDOWS(r) 98 SCREEN DISPLAY 640 BY 480 PIXELS 256 COLOURS CD-ROM SPEED 24 SPEED AVAILABLE SPACE ON HARD DRIVE 10MB AUDIO 8-BIT SOUND CARD PRINTER HP LASERJET All systems should have Microsoft Office 97/2000. All systems must have Microsoft Excel 97/2000. End User’s IT Literacy The end user of my system will already have basic IT skills and will have already had experience with the Microsoft Office Package. As they are working for a big trans-national company, they would have already undergone training in the secretarial sector, of which IT skills are a key part. To even have the job, they would have to be able to type quickly, answer calls and transmit data efficiently. Therefore, training costs will be kept to a minimum. Final Choice Having looked at the current system and the software and hardware available, I have decided to use Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet program to design my booking system. Spreadsheet packages allow a user to create worksheets (spreadsheets) representing data in column and row form. Spreadsheets are used for any application that uses numerical data, such as budgets, cash flow forecasts, profit and loss statements, student marks or results of experiments. Spreadsheets offer a wide range of facilities making the task easier to perform. SKILLS: Current/To be acquired I have a good understanding of the Microsoft Excel package. I have done quite a few calculations and performed basic macros. Having looked through the coursework of former students, and reading through the coursework guide, I realise that I need to improve my knowledge of Excel. Excel is a powerful package and can carry out many tasks easily if instructed correctly. I have already started to go through sample projects showing me how to go about certain tasks with a book titled ‘Successful I.T. Projects in Excel’, written by P.M Heathcote. End User Requirements > Provide detailed reports showing customer booking for every working day. > Produce summary reports for flight bookings in order of popularity. > Allow data entry for new customers. > Provide easy access for amendments to customer details and flight details. > Automatic backup for all centralised records daily and weekly. > Provide an exception report for outstanding customer debts or extreme bank credit limits. > The system should record financial details concerning money in/outstanding. > Allow queries on the current flight availability. Quantitative Criteria > Printed tickets are to be generated within 15 minutes. > Accessing and amending customer/Fight/Airport details should be instantaneous. > Queries are processed promptly on customer request. > Backup should occur automatically every 24 hours. > Flight details processed every Friday (1 hour max) > Exception reports are produced quickly on demand within a minute. Qualitative Criteria > The system should provide a workable Human Computer Interface system according to different users, i.e. simple menu selections or buttons > The company logo is consistent on all forms and reports. > Amount of available screen data is kept to a minimum (increase usability) > Help systems are easily accessible.

Free Essays on Samuel Beckett

Samuel Beckett was born on Good Friday, April 13, 1906, near Dublin, Ireland. Raised in a middle class, Protestant home, the son of a quantity surveyor and a nurse, he was sent off at the age of 14 to attend the same school which Oscar Wilde had attended. Looking back on his childhood, he once remarked, "I had little talent for happiness." Beckett was consistent in his loneliness. The unhappy boy soon grew into an unhappy young man, often so depressed that he stayed in bed until mid afternoon. He was difficult to engage in any lengthy conversationit took hours and lots of drinks to warm him upbut the women could not resist him. The lonely young poet, however, would not allow anyone to penetrate his solitude. He once remarked, after rejecting advances from James Joyce's daughter, that he was dead and had no feelings that were human. In 1928, Samuel Beckett moved to Paris, and the city quickly won his heart. Shortly after he arrived, a mutual friend introduced him to James Joyce, and Beckett quickly became an apostle of the older writer. At the age of 23, he wrote an essay in defense of Joyce's magnum opus against the public's lazy demand for easy comprehensibility. A year later, he won his first literary prize10 pounds for a poem entitled "Whoroscope" which dealt with the philosopher Descartes meditating on the subject of time and the transiency of life. After writing a study of Proust, however, Beckett came to the conclusion that habit and routine were the "cancer of time", so he gave up his post at Trinity College and set out on a nomadic journey across Europe. Beckett made his way through Ireland, France, England, and Germany, all the while writing poems and stories and doing odd jobs to get by. In the course of his journies, he no doubt came into contact with many tramps and wanderers, and these aquaintances would later translate into some of his finest characters. Whenever he happened to pass through Paris, he would c... Free Essays on Samuel Beckett Free Essays on Samuel Beckett Samuel Beckett was born on Good Friday, April 13, 1906, near Dublin, Ireland. Raised in a middle class, Protestant home, the son of a quantity surveyor and a nurse, he was sent off at the age of 14 to attend the same school which Oscar Wilde had attended. Looking back on his childhood, he once remarked, "I had little talent for happiness." Beckett was consistent in his loneliness. The unhappy boy soon grew into an unhappy young man, often so depressed that he stayed in bed until mid afternoon. He was difficult to engage in any lengthy conversationit took hours and lots of drinks to warm him upbut the women could not resist him. The lonely young poet, however, would not allow anyone to penetrate his solitude. He once remarked, after rejecting advances from James Joyce's daughter, that he was dead and had no feelings that were human. In 1928, Samuel Beckett moved to Paris, and the city quickly won his heart. Shortly after he arrived, a mutual friend introduced him to James Joyce, and Beckett quickly became an apostle of the older writer. At the age of 23, he wrote an essay in defense of Joyce's magnum opus against the public's lazy demand for easy comprehensibility. A year later, he won his first literary prize10 pounds for a poem entitled "Whoroscope" which dealt with the philosopher Descartes meditating on the subject of time and the transiency of life. After writing a study of Proust, however, Beckett came to the conclusion that habit and routine were the "cancer of time", so he gave up his post at Trinity College and set out on a nomadic journey across Europe. Beckett made his way through Ireland, France, England, and Germany, all the while writing poems and stories and doing odd jobs to get by. In the course of his journies, he no doubt came into contact with many tramps and wanderers, and these aquaintances would later translate into some of his finest characters. Whenever he happened to pass through Paris, he would c...

Principles and implications of scientific management Essays

Principles and implications of scientific management Essays Principles and implications of scientific management Essay Principles and implications of scientific management Essay The beginning of twentieth century saw important developments in engineering that allowed, for the first clip, mass industry of merchandises. At the same clip big corporations were established necessitating a important work force. The inflow of European immigrants coupled with the migration of the rural public to urban parts made up a work force that was preponderantly uneducated and unskilled. Consequently, directing such an unskilled work force resulted in inefficient and unproductive administrations. Scientific direction, which involves changing and simplifying the manner undertakings are performed in order to maximize labour productiveness, was implemented as a solution to these organizational jobs. For many, nevertheless, the thoughts of scientific direction are thought to be irrelevant to our extremely technological advanced society, and hence, it is a direction manner that is no longer required in the twenty-first century. Conversely, it has been argued that the rules of scientific direction can still be seen adapted and implemented in assorted sectors of concern in this current twenty-four hours and age ( Wilson, 1995 ; Jones, 1997 ) , and therefore directors must still be cognizant of such a direction manner. Consequently, extent to which directors in the twenty-first century still necessitate to be cognizant of the rules and deductions of scientific direction will be discussed. Frederick Winslow Taylor, in 1911, published The Principles of Scientific Management , which explained that using the scientific direction method to concerns could notably better worker productiveness. Prior to the coming of scientific direction, undertakings were carried out by specialized skilled workingmans who may hold undertaken drawn-out apprenticeships. As a consequence, determinations about how undertakings were carried out in their specific field were made by them ( Rule of Thumb ) . Scientific direction removed such liberty and replaced it with interrupting down skilled techniques into a series of unsophisticated undertakings that even the unskilled employee could be trained to execute. In response to these clear inefficiencies in industrial patterns, Taylor s scientific direction was based on certain rules that were to be achieved in order to increase labour productiveness, they included: 1. Replacing the old Rule of Thumb system with proved scientifically studied work methods, thereby increasing efficiency. 2. Scientific choice and preparation of every worker to make standardized repetitive undertakings ( deskilling ) as opposed to go forthing them to develop themselves. Therefore, ensuing in improved productiveness and quality of the manufactured goods due to task repeat. 3. Ensure that the scientifically developed methods are followed by monitoring and collaborating with workers 4. Work is to be divided equally between workers and directors, hence, directors plan scientific direction rules are applied to be aftering the work by directors, but workers are the 1s that carry out the undertakings. This non merely causes a division of labor but exerts the control of the director over the workers. The above mentioned rules were introduced and implemented in assorted corporations ensuing in increased productiveness. One such illustration was when Taylor was employed to better work methods at the Bethlehem Iron Company in 1898. Until so each hog Fe animal trainer, on norm, were lading 12.5 metric tons of blast furnaces merchandise per twenty-four hours. By carry oning scientific experiments associating to the optimum times for raising and resting, Taylor was able to better burden by hog Fe animal trainers to 47.5 metric tons per twenty-four hours, raising productiveness fourfold and increasing workers rewards by 60 % as a motivational inducement. As a consequence up to $ 80,000 nest eggs were achieved per annum. Furthermore, this attack involved the employees taking orders and thereby giving up their manner of making the occupation and replacing it with Taylors methods ( Kanigel, 1997, p 214 ) , one of the first illustrations of alining the marks of the workers with those of the directors. It was besides during this period that Taylor noted that money is a primary motivation factor and so workers ought to be paid excess in conformity to their end product and given fillips for making or transcending marks. The thoughts of Taylor s scientific survey were developed farther by Gilbreth, an applied scientist and director like Taylor. While Taylor focused his attending on clip Gilbreth focused on the gestures of undertakings. In his experiments Gilbreth s used cameras to gaining control and analyze the gestures of bricklayers. Thereafter, by redesigning and doing the motions of workers to be more efficient he was able to increase end product from 120 to 350 bricks per hr. Henry Ford was another person who adapted the rules of scientific direction to fabricating Ford vehicles. Prior to the execution of scientific direction, skilled craftsmen were required to bring forth the vehicles ensuing in batch production of Fords. Henry Ford, nevertheless, mechanised the undertakings by presenting a individual intent machine to bring forth standardized parts. Furthermore, Ford took the complicated undertakings of fabrication vehicles and divide them into much simpler standardised undertakings that made up an assembly line. Fordism non merely eliminated the demand of skilled workers, but allowed for the efficient mass production of goods. With the publication of Taylors work on scientific direction, a century ago, the inquiry needs to be asked as to why is this direction manner still relevant even today? The reply may hold to make with fact that, if followed right, Taylorism can significantly impact productiveness and efficiency of a corporation, factors that are still of import in the twenty-first century. One of the chief illustrations of scientific direction in usage in the twenty-first century is McDonalds, a fast nutrient eating house concern that has spread worldwide. Aspects of Fordist, Taylorism and Gillbreth direction manners can be observed in McDonalds. Ritzers Mcdonaldization, a thesis derived from Braverman, looks at how the work forces in these eating houses have been deskilled, and hence, undertakings have been simplified. The meat is foremost grilled harmonizing to detailed and precise instructions, followed by the add-on of boodle and sauces etc, thereby making an efficient production line with persons holding a peculiar function in the production of a McDonalds repast. Furthermore, extra facets of the standardised service such as cooking times, drink dispensers and pre-programmed hard currency registries non merely restrict the clip to finish such undertakings but prevent discretion or creativeness, by the worker, that would be counterproductive to rules of scientific direction of efficiency and control etc. Evidence of Gilbreths thoughts are besides present here as the layout of McDonalds kitchens place all equipment, nutrient etc at the fingertips of employees hence avoiding unneeded actions ( gestures ) such as to the other terminal of eating house to roll up an point. Therefore, such direction techniques which guarantee efficiency and productiveness play an of import function in Mcdonalds that others have argued have led to Mcdonalds going the largest eating house concatenation in the universe ( Peters and Waterman 1982, p. 173-174 ) . In the same kernel of McDonaldi zation, supermarkets are a farther illustration of the adaptation of scientific direction in the twenty-first century. There is a clear division of labor with employees with peculiar functions such as stacking shelves, managing questions and scanning merchandises at the hard currency registry. Call Centres are another illustration of where facets of scientific direction can still be observed. This was chiefly apparent from surveies conducted in 2004, which found that the design and operation of call Centres were in line with Taylorism. Name Centres were mostly supervised including the clip taken per call, whether an appropriate and efficient service was given every bit good as in many instances the advice given being scripted. Furthermore, many of the operators were trained to cover with merely specific facets of questions which they were assigned harmonizing to a old accomplishment set appraisal. Understating costs was besides a cardinal issue in preparation, as with the high staff turnover it was of import to box cognition in order to let workers to be decently trained every bit shortly as possible. Such methods are in conformity with the rules of Taylorism of replacing the regulation of pollex and scientifically choosing and developing persons. Name Centres were besides found to follow the pay system of Taylorism where wage is relative to the degree of end product, as employees were given a basic pay with committee if they managed a sale and with fillips given if day-to-day or hebdomadal marks were met. The Television broadcast medium industry is another illustration of the usage of scientific direction in the twenty-first century. Surveies carried out by McKinley and Quinn ( 1999 ) looked at the alterations in the Television broadcast medium due to technological promotions in the 1980s. Programme doing equipment, until so, was undependable and delicate, necessitating changeless monitoring every bit good as skilled operators. Therefore, merely experienced workers maintained and operated the equipment such as cameras. Thereafter, with the production of advanced and dependable equipment, such as point and shoot cameras diminished the demand for extremely skilled operators ( deskilling ) . As a consequence, low skilled workers could be comparatively easy trained to run such equipment. Car fabrication in the twentieth century brought about the Fordist attack, nevertheless, the thoughts of this direction manner are still present in the twenty-first century. Assorted auto companies are now utilizing machines to fabricate vehicles, but alternatively of holding a individual machine they have used many automatons that each have a specialised undertaking in an assembly line. Consequently, despite important promotions in engineering scientific direction is still relevant in our modern age. In many parts of the universe scientific direction is still present and is implemented as a direction manner such as in Bangladeshi sweatshops, steel mills in China or industry of athletic wear in Vietnam. In any instance it is evident that in these developing states Taylorism still has a function to play in this twenty-four hours and age in order to maximize productiveness while keeping criterions of efficiency. Despite the illustrations given showing that scientific direction is still applicable in the twenty-first century, there are a figure of unfavorable judgments of this scientific method which besides contribute to the grounds why scientific direction is non as relevant in the twenty-first century. One of the primary unfavorable judgments of scientific direction is that its mechanised attack to undertakings, handling workers as machines, is inhumane. This mechanisation is the consequence of deskilling the work force, nowadays in a figure of instances such as in McDonalds, ensuing in small occupation satisfaction and de-motivated employees due to the repeat of the undertakings. This impression is supported by Herzberg and Maslow ( REF ) who province that two factors influence workers, Hygiene ( e.g wage A ; position ) and Motivator ( e.g publicity ) , which lead to satisfied and motivated workers. Such thoughts oppose Taylorism, which states that workers are motivated chiefly by money. In our modern twenty-four hours and age workers are now more ambitious purposes in the workplace every bit good as holding a better apprehension of their rights as an employee. Consequently, employees non merely desire to be a more valued member of the organisation but besides have the chance of publicity within the concern. However, scientific direction does nt let such possibilities, as it ignores the personal demands of the workers and focal points on efficiency and productiveness. Likewise, another job with scientific direction is that it pays no attending to the psychological and societal demands of workers. As many workers are no longer merely driven by fiscal wagess entirely but by other wagess such as occupation satisfaction, acknowledgment and position ( Herzberg ) . Scientific direction causes workers to go extremely specialized, thereby impacting their ability to accommodate to new functions and fortunes, hence impeding their flexibleness, a extremely valued property in the twenty-first century. Furthermore, this inflexibleness may hold effects on the concern itself, as to stay competitory in the modern economic system concerns must be able to accommodate to alterations in the market. Such alterations in the concern may be resisted by the specialized work force. One of the chief obstructions of modern-day scientific direction is that of worker opposition characterized by trade brotherhoods. This obstruction, nevertheless, was besides demonstrated during the initial execution of Taylorism, as labour brotherhoods feared that corrupt employers may utilize Taylor s piece rate system to drive rewards down, which did happen on some degree in 1915. In any instance, due to the low skilled undertakings of scientific direction employment bargaining power is retained entirely by the employer, which may take to workers being underpaid and mistreated. Likewise, rules of efficiency and productiveness that dive Taylorism come with hard working conditions. In such fortunes workers have the power to hold trade brotherhoods represent themselves in order to better wages, benefits, working conditions etc. As a consequence, scientific direction in the twenty-first century is capable to authorization of such administrations that it is hard to implement to the ful l to any concern. In decision, it is evident that some facets of scientific direction are still relevant and are being implemented in the twenty-first century. The advantages of this direction manner in standardizing undertakings and concentrating of productiveness have resulted in assorted industries using the scientific methods. At the same clip, jobs associated with intervention of the employees have lead to Taylorism being mostly absent from the bulk of corporations in the West. Furthermore, the coming of the modern sophisticated employees to whom money is non the most important incentive coupled with the strength of trade brotherhoods have farther removed scientific direction from modern-day administrations. Therefore, scientific direction theory as a whole is non employed in modern corporations, but instead, facets of it are still discernible in certain concerns, therefore, a direction manner that modern-day directors still need to be cognizant of.

Sustainable Development Through Energy Management in a Prototypical Small Gulf State

Sustainable Development Through Energy Management in a Prototypical Small Gulf State Free Online Research Papers Sustainable Development Through Energy Management in a Prototypical Small Gulf State Engineering Research Paper Abstract This paper studies sustainable economic development through energy management with special reference to Qatar. It raises the question on the factors that have propelled growth in the region. There is a need to identify the problems facing a fast paced economy and the measures that should be taken to sustain economic development. Furthermore, natural resource-based growth has largely tied regional development to oil price and revenue fluctuations, and has stymied efforts at economic diversification. Globalization is expected to dismantle barriers in information and communication technologies, but the corresponding opportunities that these advances may bring have not yet been fully exploited, though efforts are being made now. A platform of priorities for action identifies the key challenges that must be addressed, to enhance efforts towards sustainable development in Qatar, during the coming ten or twenty years. Introduction a.Energy Scenario in the Global Perspective Energy has been playing an important role in the economic development all over the world. World population is expected to double by the middle of this century, and economic development will continue at a faster pace in the developing world than that in the developed world. The likely result is a 3-5 fold increase in the world economic output over the next 5 decades. By 2100, per capita income in most of the currently developing countries will have reached, and surpassed levels characteristic of the developed countries today, making current distinction between the two totally obsolete. Energy availability and universal access to energy will play a major part in this growth. However, resulting from this rapid economic development, it is not certain that adequate energy services will become available to every citizen in the next hundred years. Demand for energy will continue to grow. Even though focus will shift from primary energy to final energy form, it is expected that primary en ergy requirement will increase globally by 1.5 to 3 fold by the year 2050. According to a World Energy Congress (WEC) study, energy services will move towards more flexible, convenient and clean fuels reaching the consumer. High quality energy forms will become transitional fuels of choice. Thus, there will be an obvious shift towards electricity and towards higher quality fuels, such as, natural gas, oil products, Methanol and eventually hydrogen. Environmental considerations will hold the key to the future consumption patterns of energy. b.Economy of Qatar One easily notices the rapid growth of Qatars economy in all sectors. Qatar’s gross domestic product (GDP) was over US$ 20 bn last year and it is expected to be close to US$ 22bn by the end of the current year. Such accomplishments are the natural outcome of huge investments in oil, gas and petrochemicals. When investments in huge developmental of projects of firms such as QatarGas and RasGas start bearing fruit, the already buoyant economy is expected to get a further boost by the end of the current decade. This rapid economic growth has enabled it to rank as one of the highest per capita income countries’ in the world within a very short period. Qatar has emerged as one of the world’s wealthiest states since discovery of oil in the 1970s and much later, natural gas. Thus, Petroleum products have continued to be, the cornerstone of Qatars economy for over 30 years and accounts for more than 60% of total government revenue, more than 30% of gross domestic product , and roughly 80% of export earnings. The Qatari economy’s vulnerability to oil price movements, as well as its limited crude oil resources has led the Government, in the early nineties, to explore Qatar’s huge reserve of natural gas by making a strategic business and investment decision to commercialize natural gas reserves by developing the Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) sector. This led to the establishment of two major projects, namely RasGas and QatarGas, which are now major suppliers of LNG to world markets and contribute significantly to the State’s revenue. Also, Qatar has promoted investments in petrochemicals and fertilizer industries namely, QCHEM, QAFCO, QAFAC etc. Qatar has also promoted industries in the non-oil sector of the economy including Manufacturing, Construction, Finance, Insurance, Trading, Services and more recently Tourism. With such diversification in investment opportunities, production and export of natural gas in the form of LNG, pipe lin e gas, GTL and petrochemicals and fertilizers have registered a steady growth of Qatar economy during the last few years. The world demand for energy has been increasing. Table 1 below shows that Qatar’s oil and natural gas production has been increasing to cope up with the world trend. Table 1: Comparison of Qatar’s overall GDP contributors (Source: 2003 edition of the Middle East Economic Review) Overall Percentage Contribution to GDP (%) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Oil Gas Sector 45.76 60.43 57.00 57.61 59.79 Non – Oil Sector 54.24 39.47 43.00 42.39 40.29 A study of GDP growth trend as above shows the following factors which contributed to such growth: The price of Qatar’s crude oil increased from year to year over last five years. During year 2003 the crude oil price was $27.9 p/b against corresponding price of $24.5 p/b as in 2002 registering an increase of 13.9%. The production volume of Qatar’s crude oil registered a steady growth. In 2003 the production was 714,000 bpd against 640,000 bpd in year 2002 showing a growth of 11.6%. The production of natural gas was increasing from year to year since its discovery. In 2003 the production of gas increased by 12.9% from the production of 2002. The production in 2002 registered a growth of 1.9% over the production of 2001. The export of LNG was rising. In 2003 the export of LNG stood at 14.4 million tons against 13.5 million tones in 2002 showing a growth of 6.7%. In real terms, the Non-Oil sector of the economy registered a growth, but its contribution as percentage of total GDP showed decline in growth because of rapid growth of the economy resulting from high contribution from oil and gas sector. (Note: 2004 statistics are not given as the price of crude oil and natural gas is too volatile to provide accurate statistics). It could be observed that contribution of Oil Natural Gas Sector to Qatars GDP has been growing steadily in the recent past. However, volatility of the price of crude oil and natural gas makes the Qatari economy quite vulnerable since revenues generated by energy exports becomes less insecure under such situations and also since the need for revenue is likely to be a source of competition for market share in future. 1. Objective of the Study This study analyzes the operating performances of Qatar Energy Industry under the present business environment for identification of the key result areas (KRAs) that are essential for strategic decision making. The report would cover the KRAs for improving upon business results and decision making as also how funds generated could be employed for sustainable development of socio economic condition of the Country. This is crucial for improvement of the living conditions, dignity and welfare of the people of Qatar. The project report will analyze past performance and the business environment to determine the world trend of business. After a SWOT-analysis, the report aims at preparing a holistic plan for sustainable development and growth of the energy industry in Qatar for its contribution to the society. 2. Methodology Since the growth in the non–oil sector correlates with the growth of the oil and gas sector, analysis of historical Balance Sheets and Profit Loss Accounts of the companies in the oil and gas sector would generate statistical data for determination of trend in the businesses. In modern process industries and in oil and gas production industries, capacity utilization, wastage minimization and cost reduction and cost control, besides energy conservation play a crucial role in improving productivity, quality and profitability in addition to growth. Continuous innovation in technology and management is a matter of necessity for survival in a liberalized economy. In the absence of in-house RD facilities in the areas of respective line of technology, it is essential to embark upon innovative management for identification of diversification areas matching with the line of business. Assuming the hydrocarbon in the world cannot last for very long the researchers have since embarked upon technology to develop clean energy from renewable sources. Already commercial exploitation of such technology and renewable sources has taken place. Attempts are already being made to develop eco-friendly bio-fuel to meet with ever-increasing demand for energy. A mega-research project for production of hydrogen as a fuel is already underway. All such innovation in science and technology will act as competitors to hydro-carbons. However, the results of these futuristic researches may not be applicable to the next couple of decades in this world. Accordingly, attempts must be made to make the best of the available resources in the coming decades. It is essential in the long run to slowly but steadily de-link the economy of the country purely based on exploration of hydro-carbon to a process of sustainable development in line with the movement of the world. However, it is required t o develop indices to be closely monitored so as to ensuring optimal utilization of the available resources during the coming decades. 2.1 Fund Flow and Ratio Analysis The process of determining KRAs will involve analysis of historical operating performances. This could be done initially from the audited annual reports. However, for in-depth analysis, a study may be required to be made at various levels in operating areas. For illustration purposes, the audited annual report of QAFCO (Qatar Fertiliser Company) for the year 2003 was studied against the audited balance sheet for the financial year 2002. The fund flow statement has been prepared as shown in Table 2. Table 2: Fund Flow Statement for QAFCO for the Financial Year 2003 Source of Fund Application of Fund Brief Particulars Qatari Riyal Brief Particulars Qatari Riyal Increase in Paid up Share Capital 100000000 Increase in Investment in Property, Plant and Equipment 522743745 Increase in Legal Reserves 20072377 Increase in Dues from Shareholders and Related Parties 96242101 Increase in Availability of Fund for Payment of Dividend 250000000 Increase in Accounts Receivable 29867635 Increase in Syndicated Loan 651560000 Increase in Other Receivables and Prepayments 25558104 Increase in Accrual of Employers’ Service Benefit 2461760 Increase in Cash Balance and Bank Balance 426388445 Increase in Accrual of Minority Interest 12217130 Reduction in Accounts Payable and Accruals 83100445 Increase in Dues to Share Holders and related Parties 42596559 Increase in Provision for Pension Liabilities 2548042 Reduction in Value of Inventory 22805252 Increase in Retained Earnings 79639355 Total 1183900475 Total 1183900475 An analysis of the important financial ratios worked out from the said annual report is presented in Table 3. Table 3: Financial Ratio Analysis of QAFCO for the Financial Years 2002 and 2003 Brief Particulars of the Ratio 2003 2002 Return on Investment 31.09% 13.65% Margin on Sales 45.43% 26.54% Profit/Fixed Assets 22.82% 11.22% Sales/Fixed Assets 50.24% 42.26% Sales/Current Assts 32.11% 29.33% Inventory/Sales 0.0715 0.0725 Debtors/Sales 0.0415 0.0328 Material/Sales 11.46% 13.45% Employment Cost/Sales 8.47% 12.34% Depreciation Cost/Sales 8.45% 12.34% Value Added Per Qatari Riyal Employment in Riyals 9.44 6.19 Increase in Sales 46.74% Increase in Material Cost 26.42% Increase in Employment Cost 1.85% Increase in Investment in Projects 24.82% From the study of the Tables 2 and 3 the following could be observed: Increase in turn-over in 2003 over 2002 was 46.74% with corresponding increase in material cost and employment cost at 26.42% and 1.85% respectively. The increase in investment during 2003 on productive fixed assets registered a figure of Qatari riyals 522,743,745 which is 24.83% more than that during 2002. Again employment cost which was 12.34% of sales in 2002 became 8.45% in 2003 when the sales registered a growth of 46.74%. This establishes that the employment cost was not KRA for this company. With 46.74% growth in sales, the material cost increased by 26.42%. Again material content of sales, which was 13.45% in 2002 dropped to 11.46% in 2003. This suggests that there are avenues in operations to reduce the material content of production. Ratio analysis in the table above shows that the inventory holding was for 3.77 weeks of sales which was reduced to 3.72 weeks in 2003. Therefore, not much benefit could be obtained from inventory management. This suggests that attempts should be made for price reduction of material, increase in yield of material and material wastage reduction for optimizing material content of production. It is noted that against an increase in investment in productive assets of 24.82% the growth of sales registered a figure of 46.74%. The ratio analysis shows that asset turn over ratio increased from 42.26% in 2002 to 50.24% in 2003 and the margin on sales increased from 26.54% in 2002 to 45.43% in 2003. This shows that capacity of the existing plant and machinery could not be utilized fully in 2003. As the company is highly technology intensive, cost of modernization from time to time may push up the fixed cost which might raise the break-even volume of sales at current price. This suggests a detailed analysis of the operations and also a detailed audit of the cost structure. The strategy adopted may be either low volume of production with high margin on sales if the market so permits. Alternatively, high volume of production at low price strategy could be adopted to cover more market share and ultimately become a monopolist. This practice has been adopted by the Chinese manufactur ing industry which has ultimately become the production center of all manufactured goods in the world today. The fund flow statement shows that increase in investment on property, plant and equipment amounting to Qatari riyal 522,743,745 was financed principally through increase in syndicated loan amounting to Qatari riyal 651,560,000, although there was increase in cash balance and bank balance to the tune of Qatari riyal 426,388,445 which represent 81.57% of the increased in investment. This might have reduced net profit and hence the retained earnings. Subsequently, a look at the capital structure of the company may yield results in terms of reduction in liabilities and increase in return on investment. In view of the foregoing, for identifying the key result areas it would be necessary to study the following particulars: Desk Research: (a) Annual reports of the company since its inception. (b) Annual Economic Review of the Government of Qatar for the last 5 years. (c) Audited Annual Reports of the competitors in the world since last 5 years. (d) Currency fluctuation statistics between Qatari riyals and the currency of the importing country for the last 5 years. (e) The present market segment of the company. (f) Proposed market segment of the company. (g) Statistics of gas and oil price fluctuations in Qatar for last 5 years. (h) Indication of areas of alternative investments of excess funds generated keeping in line with socio economic development goals Field Research: (a) Study of the operation of the plant. (b) Study of the technology and performance of the plant. (c) Study of cost structures and establishing of a management information system. (d) Market research on a global basis. (e) Determination of a techno-commercial model with variation in quantity of sales, price per unit, cost per unit, operation at different percentage of plant capacity utilization, foreign exchange fluctuations and oil price fluctuation in OPEC. Both the above studies must be made for all the companies in the oil and gas sector in Qatar. Above mentioned ratio analysis is an analytical tool for analyzing the performance of a firm. â€Å"While ratios are easy to compute, which in part explains their wide appeal, their interpretation is problematic, especially when two or more ratios provide conflicting signals. Indeed, ratio analysis is often criticized on the grounds of subjectivity that is the analyst must pick and choose ratios in order to assess the overall performance of a firm.† [refer Feroz E.H.et.al.] Accordingly, we apply Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which is basically an application of repeated linear programs, on the historical data on input and output to reinforce the study based on ratio analysis. 2.2 Introduction to DEA DEA is commonly used to evaluate the efficiency of a number of producers. A typical statistical approach is characterized as a central tendency approach and it evaluates producers relative to an average producer. In contrast, DEA is an extreme point method and compares each producer with only the best producers. By the way, in the DEA literature, a producer is usually referred to as a decision making unit or DMU. Extreme point methods are not always the right tool for a problem but are appropriate in certain cases. A fundamental assumption behind an extreme point method is that if a given producer, A, is capable of producing Y (A) units of output with X (A) units of inputs, then other producers should also be able to do the same if they were to operate efficiently. Similarly, if producer B is capable of producing Y (B) units of output with X (B) inputs, then other producers should also be capable of the same production schedule. Producers A, B and others can then be combined to form a composite producer with composite inputs and composite outputs. Since this composite producer does not necessarily exist, it is sometimes called a virtual producer. The heart of the analysis lies in finding the best virtual producer for each real producer. If the virtual producer is better than the original producer by either making more output with the same input or making the same output with less input then the original producer is inefficient. Some of the subtleties of DEA are introduced in the various ways that producers A and B can be scaled up or down and combined. The procedure of finding the best virtual producer can be formulated as a linear program. Analyzing the efficiency of n producers is then a set of n linear programming problems. The following formulation is one of the standard forms for DEA. Lambda (?) is a vector describing the percentages of other producers used to construct the virtual producer. X and Y and are the input and output vectors for the analyzed producer. Therefore, ?X and ?Y describe the virtual input and output respectively. The value of theta (?) is the producers efficiency. DEA Input-Oriented Primal Formulation s.t. ? free, ? ? 0 It should be emphasized that an LP of this form must be solved for each of the DMUs. There are other ways to formulate this problem such as the ratio approach or the dual problem but this formulation is the straightforward. The first constraint forces the virtual DMU to produce at least many outputs as the studied DMU. The second constraint finds out how much less input the virtual DMU would need. Hence, it is called input-oriented. The factor used to scale back the inputs is ? and this value is the efficiency of the DMU. The data required for application of this model are the historical data on input and output of a particular company. However, if this model is used for determination of the relative efficiencies of a particular company visvis its peers/competitors, then the input and output of all the companies are required. If historical input and output data are available, then trends of the relative efficiencies of the companies could also be easily studied. The format for data to be collected for implementing this model can be described as shown in the Table 4 below. Table 4: Format for Data to be collected for DEA Model (QAFCO, as a whole) Year Input Units (Amount/Nos.) Consumed/Used Output Units Produced Raw Materials # Employed Electricity Consumables Urea Ammonia 2003 2002 2001 etc. For determining relative efficiency of each of the four trains of QAFCO, similar format for data collection as shown in Table 5 may be adopted. Table 5: Format for Data to be collected for DEA Model (for different Trains of QAFCO) (For Year 2003) Train Input Units (Amount/Nos.) Consumed/Used Output Units Produced Raw Materials # Employed Electricity Consumables Urea Ammonia 1 2 3 4 (Repeat the same for other years like 2002, 2001, etc.) For determining relative efficiency of many companies engaged in similar kind of operations, similar format for data collection as shown in Table 6 may be adopted. Table 6: Format for Data to be collected for DEA Model (For more than one company like QAFCO) (For Year 2003, say) Co. Input Units (Amount/Nos.) Consumed/Used Output Units Produced Raw Materials # Employed Electricity Consumables Urea Ammonia 1. 2. 3. Etc. (Repeat the same for other years like 2002, 2001, etc.) 3. Research timetable Activity Estimated Timeframe Develop or adapt research objectives 1 day Design research protocol 1 week Recruit interviewers 2 weeks Translate instruments into local language 1 week Train interviewers (include pretesting and revising 2 weeks instruments in training) Collect data 2 weeks Transcribe recordings 1 week Translate transcripts 2 -3 weeks Preliminary analysis in field 2 weeks Prepare for presentation 1 day Presentation 1 day Complete analysis 2 weeks Prepare report 1 week 4. References 1) Doing Business with Qatar – Philip Dew 2) Landmark Regional Review (Arabian Gulf) Booklet – 2003 Edition 3) Landmark Technical Review Booklet – March 2003 Edition 4) Doing Business in Qatar – Qatar National Bank, 2003 Edition 5) Qatar Economic Review – Qatar National Bank, April 2003 Edition 6) International Petroleum Encyclopedia – PennWell, 2003 Edition 7) Oil and Gas in the Middle East – 2002 Edition 8) Qatari Projects: Current and Forthcoming – Qatar National Bank, March 2004 9) Mash’al Magazine – QP in-house magazine, January to August 2004 Editions 10) Structured Corporate Finance – Qatar National Bank, 2004 Edition 11) The LNG Industry – Andy Flower 12) Landmark Corporate Website (www.lgc.com) 13) RasGas Corporate Website (www.rasgas.com.qa) 14) Qatargas Corporate Website (www.qatargas.com.qa) 15) QP Corporate Website (www.qp.com.qa) 16) Official 2005 Business Plan for Dukhan Drilling – QP 17) Official 2004/2005 Dukhan Field Drilling and Workover sequence – QP 18) Business Plan for all QP Oil and Gas Projects – QP 19) Middle East Economic Review 2003 20) RasGas Magazine No. 8, July-September 2004 21) Qatar Economic Review, April, 2004 22) Oryx, August 2004 23) Annual Report – 2003, Qatar Petroleum 24) Annual Report – 2003, Qatar Fertiliser Company 25) Annual Report – 2003, Shaping the Future 26) The Peninsula, Sunday, August 29, 2004 27) Gulf Times, Saturday, August 28, 2004 28) Feroz E.H.; Kim S.; Raab R.L.; â€Å"Financial statement analysis: A data envelopment analysis approach†; Journal of the Operational Research Society; January 2003, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 48-58 (11) 29) David Hawdon; â€Å"Efficiency, performance and regulation of the international gas industry a bootstrap DEA approach†; Department of Economics Surrey Energy Economics Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey,. GUP 7XH, UK. 5. Literature review Fetterman, D. M., Kaftarian, S. J., Wandersman, A., Eds. Empowerment Evaluation: Knowledge and Tool for Self Assessment and Accountability, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage, 1996 Patton, M. Q. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi: Sage, 2002 Research Papers on Sustainable Development Through Energy Management in a Prototypical Small Gulf StatePETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesDefinition of Export QuotasOpen Architechture a white paperAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRiordan Manufacturing Production Plan

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Critical Analysis of Technology & Ethics in Pop Culture - Essay Example However, people fail to focus on the actual themes of future ethics at play in the movie, since it primarily focuses on social choices and the outcomes of an economic profit that is ethics based. District 9 is a movie that tends to go against what a viewer expects. It is the kind that plays on a viewer’s a presumption with the purpose of creating far much deeper and disturbing issues. Actually, first and most noticeable subtext in the movie is a depiction of racism, or rather in this situation speciesism. The fact that the setting of the movie was done in South Africa is an instant creation of an association with apartheid, a factor that results to some interesting thoughts concerning the capacity of humans to despise and distrust others (Dir. Blomkamp; District 9). The well-known story of the extensive humanitarian (or, this situation, non-humanitarian) aid programs to offer assistance rapidly turns into suspicions and fear once the original disaster has been turned away and the non-humans must somehow integrate into the city’s life and identity. The rigid nature of most of the cultural norms of humans quickly conflicts with the diverse behavior and values tha t the non-humans hold, with a lot of distrust and hostility being the outcome. The allegory is obvious, and has been effectively applied, but in the final section there seems to be no deeper concerns at hand. Racism is not only the primary factor that actually lies at the center of the ethical questions brought about by the movie (Dir. Blomkamp; District 9): in reality, real  contact  with human beings being technologically advanced will lead to the impossibility of them being oppressed. This context of segregation is attached to questions that surround the economics and development of new technology, and the efforts that most people will make so as to ensure that they secure either military or financial dominance over others. During the movie’s progression, the

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Summary - Article Example As an online currency, Bitcoin serves as a mode of currency in a digital format that can be used by anyone online to receive and make payments for goods and services bought online. It works and can be used just like a regular currency. Anyone can start using bitcoin. The process of using bitcoins begins with having an online wallet which can be downloaded online for free. Just like the physical wallet where it can be kept anywhere in the house, the digital wallet can be stored as file in hard drives, USB and even smartphones and users can also have several digital wallets similar to having multiple bank accounts. The transaction involving bitcoin online however is different from the traditional mode of payment. The system have volunteers called miners who checks the transaction using bitcoin and decides whether to approve or decline it. If approved, it is then recorded to a blockchain which is a ledger that contains the history of such wallet. The Vice President and economist with the St. Louis Fed David Andolfatto explained that bitcoin is a good investment by citing its stability compared to traditional currency. As an example, he cited the trend of the purchasing power of purchasing power of each currency to 100: the yen, the euro, the U.S. dollar and the Zimbabwean dollar. The currencies were extremely volatile compared to bitcoin underscoring the stability of the currency. The theory of nominal exchange rate indeterminacy was cited to help explain why bitcoin is a good investment. It was cited that there is no single economic theory that dictates the relative price of two intrinsically two objects such as bitcoin and currency. The value assigned to currencies therefore are relative. Bitcoin in fact is secure compared to regular currencies because the presence of digital wallet in someone else’s computer will allow the transaction history of such digital wallet to be viewed and therefore, could be linked and traced to its users which could help

Value Chain Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Value Chain Framework - Essay Example The main changes are that at this value chain sophistication level, the company’s reliance on ERP for provision of Value chain support has been reduced and has initiated the utilisation of more BOB solutions for provision of more-advanced functionality. House-sourced technology tends to have been slightly increased within the stage as well. Here, companies develop specific applications for supplementing the core ERP functionality. Within this level, the amount of outsourced technology reduces the typically reduced functionality of some SCM SaaS solutions is deemed to be too functionally light, and on-premises BOBs are preferred. (Dua et al., 2011) Despite investing for growth, companies are aware that the disruption potential at any time does not vanish. Many work towards improving their Value chains’ resiliency for this risk mitigation. The past year brought about disruptions of global-scale Value chain which impacted multiple industries, right from chemicals to semiconductors as well as electronics to automotive. Increase in demand uncertainty as well as much more complex global Value networks reliant on high-risk geographic zones placed added pressures on Value chains’ ability to deliver results that are predictable. The disruptions have even called into question if Value chains have become too lean, requiring an essential approach change. (Shoanen and Joseph, 2004) In stormy times, as well as during the face of increasing risk and complexity, leading companies need more bearable, resilient Value chains which, support profitability and as well drive industry leadership. This necessitates that managers re-evaluate their Value network designs layout to ensure that they are made more resilient to future disasters. It may as well include designing products which, allow more flexibility in manufacturing and value, increasing long-term substitute sources of raw materials and logistics

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - Essay Example cal and measurable approaches, to diminishing poverty around the world, while improving education, health, and other crucial social aspects of people’s lives. Some of the specific goals defined included eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, with the primary aim being to pave way and bolster education for all. Another MDG that is discussed in further detail in this report is the achievement of universal fundamental education. The UN initially set the timeline for achievement of these and other MDGs as a decade and a half, meaning that signatories to the organization were expected to attain stipulated objectives by 2015. Having ushered in 2015, it is imperative to assess whether these MDGs have been achieved and the barriers that have impeded successful implementation in some environments, such as access, quality, cost, and stability in respective nations. According to a report by UNICEF (2010), countries around the globe were fairly successful in alleviating poverty half a decade earlier than the projected year. The diminished poverty levels were evident from the significant decrease in proportion of people living under the poverty line. For instance, in 2010 about 21% of the populace in developing countries sustained themselves with the minimal 1.25 USD per day or lower. During the 1990s this population percentage was at 43%, showing that it halved by 2010 thus demonstrating significant poverty reduction. More than a billion individuals internationally still live in life-threatening poverty, and many of them experience deprivation and are susceptible to ecological or price shocks. Under nutrition remains one of the most serious global issues but least talked about public health challenges. Nearly one-third of offspring in emerging countries are underfed or diminutive (low height that does not match with age), and under nutrition acc ounts for one-third of all infant deaths. The World Bank Group is operating with the global community to end life-threatening

Project Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Management - Case Study Example This is because any additional work may likely lead to increased costs of operation. If all factors are held constant, there should be no consideration for the increase in the productivity since the increase will likely lead to a decrease in the profits. Consequently, since the indirect costs are accrued daily on the project but, are fixed, the possibilities would be that of increasing the costs of certain specific projects while at the same time decreasing the project time. The decrease in project duration of a specific activity results in an overall decrease in the duration for the whole project hence, a decrease in the total overheads (Meredith & Samuel 204). Another related issue with the tradeoffs is the determination of activities to be crashed for the enabling of maximum overall job profits. Therefore, the cost-time tradeoffs will enhance the costs of specific activities in the project while reducing the overall cost for the project (Nagarajan 105). Question 2: Options for acc elerating project completion There are several options that can be available to the project manager for the enhancement of the completion of the intended project. These include addition of extra resources into the project, outsourcing for the project work, scheduling of overtime for the project and the establishment of a core project team to look over the project’s completion. Other options for the acceleration are conduction the project twice (repeated project), faster and correctly than the first case (Gray & Erik 324). However, these options may only apply when the resources for the project are not constrained. If the resources are constrained, then the options available would be fast-tracking of the project to hasten its completion, development and adoption of a critical chain for the completion of the project, reduction of the scope of the project and the compromising of the quality of the project though a faster conduct for as long as it is completed (Gido & James 130). In the first scenario, a project manger may enhance completion of a project through the addition of resources. While this will probably lead to augmented costs to the project, it will increase the rate at which the project is delivered thus, a reduction in the time of the project. Activities that can be done in regard to this include employment or hiring of additional staff and purchasing of additional equipment to carry out the tasks. In the second scenario, a project manger may schedule the work involved in the project to entail workers doing overtime. In this regard, the extension in work time will hasten the completion of the project but at an increased cost of maintenance of workers in overtime shifts (Haynes 44). The project manage can also enhance the completion of the project through outsourcing of the project either in terms of outsourcing other materials and laborers from other companies or giving a fraction or the entire project to a different company to carry out. This, just like the former process will reduce the project duration and enhance faster completion of the project but, at a higher cost to the project (Morris 98). Finally, the project manager may enhance the completion of the project through the establishment of a core project team which will be tasked to oversee the stages of the project to its finishing point. In this, the team has to put more efforts to be

Value Chain Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Value Chain Framework - Essay Example The main changes are that at this value chain sophistication level, the company’s reliance on ERP for provision of Value chain support has been reduced and has initiated the utilisation of more BOB solutions for provision of more-advanced functionality. House-sourced technology tends to have been slightly increased within the stage as well. Here, companies develop specific applications for supplementing the core ERP functionality. Within this level, the amount of outsourced technology reduces the typically reduced functionality of some SCM SaaS solutions is deemed to be too functionally light, and on-premises BOBs are preferred. (Dua et al., 2011) Despite investing for growth, companies are aware that the disruption potential at any time does not vanish. Many work towards improving their Value chains’ resiliency for this risk mitigation. The past year brought about disruptions of global-scale Value chain which impacted multiple industries, right from chemicals to semiconductors as well as electronics to automotive. Increase in demand uncertainty as well as much more complex global Value networks reliant on high-risk geographic zones placed added pressures on Value chains’ ability to deliver results that are predictable. The disruptions have even called into question if Value chains have become too lean, requiring an essential approach change. (Shoanen and Joseph, 2004) In stormy times, as well as during the face of increasing risk and complexity, leading companies need more bearable, resilient Value chains which, support profitability and as well drive industry leadership. This necessitates that managers re-evaluate their Value network designs layout to ensure that they are made more resilient to future disasters. It may as well include designing products which, allow more flexibility in manufacturing and value, increasing long-term substitute sources of raw materials and logistics

Project Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Management - Case Study Example This is because any additional work may likely lead to increased costs of operation. If all factors are held constant, there should be no consideration for the increase in the productivity since the increase will likely lead to a decrease in the profits. Consequently, since the indirect costs are accrued daily on the project but, are fixed, the possibilities would be that of increasing the costs of certain specific projects while at the same time decreasing the project time. The decrease in project duration of a specific activity results in an overall decrease in the duration for the whole project hence, a decrease in the total overheads (Meredith & Samuel 204). Another related issue with the tradeoffs is the determination of activities to be crashed for the enabling of maximum overall job profits. Therefore, the cost-time tradeoffs will enhance the costs of specific activities in the project while reducing the overall cost for the project (Nagarajan 105). Question 2: Options for acc elerating project completion There are several options that can be available to the project manager for the enhancement of the completion of the intended project. These include addition of extra resources into the project, outsourcing for the project work, scheduling of overtime for the project and the establishment of a core project team to look over the project’s completion. Other options for the acceleration are conduction the project twice (repeated project), faster and correctly than the first case (Gray & Erik 324). However, these options may only apply when the resources for the project are not constrained. If the resources are constrained, then the options available would be fast-tracking of the project to hasten its completion, development and adoption of a critical chain for the completion of the project, reduction of the scope of the project and the compromising of the quality of the project though a faster conduct for as long as it is completed (Gido & James 130). In the first scenario, a project manger may enhance completion of a project through the addition of resources. While this will probably lead to augmented costs to the project, it will increase the rate at which the project is delivered thus, a reduction in the time of the project. Activities that can be done in regard to this include employment or hiring of additional staff and purchasing of additional equipment to carry out the tasks. In the second scenario, a project manger may schedule the work involved in the project to entail workers doing overtime. In this regard, the extension in work time will hasten the completion of the project but at an increased cost of maintenance of workers in overtime shifts (Haynes 44). The project manage can also enhance the completion of the project through outsourcing of the project either in terms of outsourcing other materials and laborers from other companies or giving a fraction or the entire project to a different company to carry out. This, just like the former process will reduce the project duration and enhance faster completion of the project but, at a higher cost to the project (Morris 98). Finally, the project manager may enhance the completion of the project through the establishment of a core project team which will be tasked to oversee the stages of the project to its finishing point. In this, the team has to put more efforts to be

World War II and the Holocaust Essay Example for Free

World War II and the Holocaust Essay History would attest that Adolf Hitler is arguably the most influential figure of modern history. Although his persona is filled with notoriety and his legacy is mixed with greatness and disgust, he remains to be an undeniable impetus for the shaping of the world that we know today. He had his dreams of eternal glory, yet his he ended in perpetual shame. The man that has sent the entire globe into a war that brought the world into seven years of hell would always be Hitler. He has enticed an entire nation through his oratory and his speeches and has renewed the human understanding of human atrocity and racial genocide. He has shaped most of the modern day political and international landscape, in terms of foreign policy, racial discrimination, and Zionism. The world that we know today is mainly a product of the scientific advances brought by the demands of the Second World War, the organized extermination of races, and the heroic actions of those who did not allow for evil to prevail (Bullock, 3-12). Having Alois Hitler and Klara Hitler as parents, Adolf was born on the 20th of April in the year 1889 in a small town in Austria called Branau. His early life was filled with poverty and hardships. He became a lowly painter, a military corporal, and even a peddler with a flophouse for shelter. This was a time when he harboured his deep hatred for the Jewish race. This racial dissent has made him infamous for materializing his ruthless intentions of planning an organized mechanism on the elimination of Jews in his entire sphere of influence, and eventually, the world (Bullock 3). Hitler has left an inedible imprint in the European History and even the Worlds Modern History. Despite the fact that Hitler has never been previously engaged in any government position, he became Germanys chancellor and rose to power at the age of 43 in the year 1933. He did not possess formal education on any kind of foreign language and neither did he read intensively nor travelled extensively. Despite this, he managed to create a set of ideas that concern issues regarding foreign policy that were incorporated with his perceptions towards local and domestic affairs (Weinberg 30). Hitler’s rise to power and his capacity for evil are both astonishing. Everything about him was not extraordinary. He had a poor physique and an unimpressive appearance. Even in his execution of salutations was regarded sloppy. He was an Austrian citizen by birth, not German, which should have made the German people regard him as inferior. He was not scholastically impressive and neither did his artistic aspirations flourish. Such an existence laid the seeds of his intolerance, and his hatred of Jews and the prosperous middle classes. He was basically a failure and he only sought comfort through his withdrawal into the surreal world of fanaticism (Warner 9). On the death of Hindenburg in August of 1934, Hitler became both President and Chancellor of Germany. This allowed him to gain full command of the country’s armed forces. This is very crucial in his plans towards another world war. Every serving officer and man now took an oath of allegiance to Hitler personally. Their loyalties no longer lie in the country alone, but to Hitler himself. They vowed to adore and worship their leader and to fight and die protecting him. When, later his actions demonstrated his lack of enough sanity, but their act of pledging their allegiance to Hitler kept them from resorting to actions that would depose Hitler. This is a tremendous factor in enabling the army to fight to their death, long after the war was lost, and Germany had been invaded and overrun. Officers and men had sworn an oath to Hitler as long as they live and would never cease to follow his order and fight for him (Warner 14). A tremendous part of the impact that Hitler had towards Germany, and therefore the world, is primarily due to his strong will and how it affected the German public. He was remarkably successful in impressing his concepts and his ideas on the events that transpired instead of simply allowing these events to alter his own ideas and perception. The realities of those times were not exactly in conformation to Hitlers own, and they have proven stronger than Hitlers fanatic will and intense energies. But the explosive events during the decade of the 1930’s were not a pure random coincidence. These were manipulated by the opportunist Adolf Hitler. This allowed Hitler to corrupt the German public to his Nazi ideologies that primarily concerned the indoctrination of racism, which provided a basis for Germanys hope to arise from her defeat from the previous world war. Germany was did not meet defeat due to inherent weakness, but due to her resilience to continue fighting for long periods with the world as her enemy. This is a deep reflection of the natural racial superiority among the Aryans (Weinberg 30-32). When he formulated his foreign policy, his concepts can be summarized into this statement: The German people were not defeated during the First World War, the Jewish people and their supporters instead stabbed Germany in the back. This racialist doctrine was very significant as it included a very crucial teaching; it rejected the biblical concept that man is separate from other creatures. This novel form of pagan belief implicated that there should be purity of race which can be achieved through breeding selectively. Through this, he exploited Darwinian concepts and took advantage on the then popular belief of the need for racial hegemony. This preached that such breeding method is essential for progress, to which Germanys foreign policy must be directed to. Eliminating the categorization of people could only be judged through standards of utility instead of morality. This is the basis of the perception that the allegedly alien racial stock, which primarily pertains to the Jews, the Sinti and the Roma, was a danger to the society due to their extensive dispersion and tremendous influence and to the expanse of the progress which their assimilation had made, most especially in terms of the German society. The nightmare of the massacre of approximately six million Jews and five millions others composed of Gypsies, freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals and other enemies of the state shook the world and have redefined the extent of human artistic cruelty (Weinberg 32-33). Hitler, as the leader of the Third Reich, was responsible for the outbreak of World War II. Had he not decided to materialize his plans of expanding the territories of Germany for the purpose of lebensraum, or providing space for the racially superior German people and take those lands that belong to racially inferior people, the world would not have met years of infamy and destruction. But this is just one of the reasons. The main objective of Nazi Germany was to dominate the world and to establish an Empire, comparative to that of the Romans, which would last for an entire Millennium (Bullock 625). Hitler promised the people of Germany to become all powerful, that there was a new hope for the German public that the dynamism of National Socialism could be harnessed to their own limited goals. Hitler was a very promising leader who could lead Germany back to strength. Although many opposed his rise to power, as they have recognized clearly the implications of his policies, especially in the field of foreign affairs, he overcame his critics. Before 1933, the millions who pushed Hitler forward and the small clique who installed him in office, by no means constituted the whole population. But there were vast reservoirs of support for the new leader to draw on, and for many years the support only grew stronger instead of waning. The national acceptance of the leadership principle implied the unconditional surrender of the country to the will of a leader who had explained for years what he would do with power when he secured it. Hitler fulfilled his intentions of the wars favoured by his supporters and has been much loyal to the ideologies he preached until the hour of his demise (Weinberg 53). Part of his â€Å"Final Solution to the Jewish Question,† Hitler tasked General Heydrich to meet with other German officials, political and military, in order to set guidelines as how to systematically exterminate the Jews. This is known as the Wannsee Conference. Through this, Hitler ordered the construction of concentration, labour, and extermination camps all over Europe. This is where the Schutzchaffel, the Gestapo, and the Eizantzgruppen disposed the Jews and forced them to be interned into unimaginable living conditions. The most notorious of the camps built during the Nazi occupation of Europe was the Auschwitz-Birkenau camp in Poland. It is the largest of its kind and is most known that once a prisoner enters it, he can never get out alive. This camp did not only send the Jews and other prisoners to their deaths through the gas chambers and intense labour, it experimented on the people in the camps for development of medical treatment. Dr. Mengeles exceptional interests on twins were highly evident as when the camp was liberated, most children that survived the holocaust were identical, physically and genetically. Dwarfs examinations and skeletal scrutiny were also some of the primary subjects of the studies done in these camps. Other forms of experiment included subjects into Siamese twins and even inseminating women with animal sperms. Other relevant experiments concerning warfare included high altitude tolerance, low temperature, and salinity tolerance. These are highly useful for the Lufwaffe, or the German Air Force. For matters concerning first aid, biological warfare, and even immunization, physicians in the camp deliberately injected diseases, exposed prisoners to surgical procedures never tested, and even experimented on wounds usually acquired in battle (Medical Experimentation). Such efforts made by Hitler are very significant in the modern world. It necessitated the world to discover new ways to fight a war, to seek better medical alternatives, and even inventing technologically advance devices. More powerful forms of armaments, tanks, and even aircrafts were primarily developed during the war era. The most notable among them is the dawn of a nuclear era with the race for the invention of the atomic bomb. Today, governments ensure that discrimination is an illegal act, that it would impose sanctions to those who would profile people for their cultural, religious, and even gender orientation. But most of all, because of the holocaust, the Western governments had strengthened their support for the Jews which have led to the establishment of an Israeli state within Palestine. This success of Zionism has impacted the contemporary political situation in West Asia, as this led to years of war between Israeli citizens and their neighbouring Arab nations. Although to other perspectives see that Zionism is providing a people without land with land without people, they cannot deny that it is already occupied by Palestinians who are now evicted from the land of their ancestors (Weinberg 319; Palumbo, Land without a People). The niche of Adolf Hitler in history is quite established and his reputation can possibly be never redeemed. He has waged a war against the world, with Mussolini as his only fully fledged ally, and has in turn sent over 50 million people to their deaths. Hitlers legacy is regarded no longer with admiration and glorification, as his name and the party he had built had become a synonym to the word evil. His doctrines and his actions are now condemned for posterity to remember and never forgive. Although some still hail his name and favour his advocacies and ideologies while other still despise the person that he was, it cannot be denied that he is pivotal for the events that transpired during the mid twentieth century. His role is that he is the driving force, the cause, and the perpetrator of the crimes against humanity that the world has never known (Weinberg 287-290; Adolf Hitler).