School of Arts and Humanities POLS210 American Gov Essays

School of Arts and Humanities POLS210 American Government I 3 Credit Hours 8 Weeks Prerequisite(s): None Table of Contents Instructor Information Evaluation Procedures Course Description Grading Scale Course Scope Course Outline Course Objectives Policies Course Delivery Method Academic Services Course Resources Selected Bibliography Course Description (Catalog) POLS210 American Government I (3 hours) This is the first course in a two-course sequence in American Government. The course is designed to convey basic facts about the structure and functioning of the American political system. The philosophical foundation of the U.S. Constitution is explored and the federalist construct is examined. The functions of the three separate branches of government and their roles in policy making are a major focus. Course Objectives After successfully completing this course, you will be able to : CO-1 Explain the philosophical basis and functioning of the American republic. CO-2 Describe the historical foundations of the American government. CO-3 Explain the evolution of the U. S. Constitution. CO-4 Describe the types of political participation in a democratic system. CO-5 Explain the power and roles of the three branches of government. CO-6 Define the purpose and functions of the federal bureaucracy. CO-7 Explain the policy-making process in the federal system. CO-8 Identify the influences on political beliefs and behavior. Course Delivery Method This course delivered via distance learning will enable students to complete academic work in a flexible manner, completely online. Course materials and access to an online learning management system will be made available to each student. Assigned faculty will support the students throughout this eight-week course. Course Resources Lesson Notes The e-textbook in this course is entitled American Government by Krut z and Waskiewicz at https://d3bxy9euw4e147.cloudfront.net/oscms-prodcms/media/documents/AmericanGovernment-LR.pdf Web r esources and a ssigned r eadings Students also must have a computer with access to the internet, per AP US guidelines, with Microsoft Office installed. If for some reason you do not have Office, please download Openoffice.org 's productivity suite, which is compatible with it. Please visit http://apus.libguides.com/er.php and search by the course number to access your required resources. Evaluation Procedures Grades for this course will be based upon three grading instruments; forums (8), quizzes, formal essays ( 3 ) , and a final presentation . There are eight weekly discussion questions that are provided in the f orums . A rubric explaining grading criteria is included in each weekly forum. The essays will cover functions of government in addressing public issues. The final presentation will be a PowerPoint presentation combining what was learned in the essays. R ubrics are included in the course. The grade scale for each of the evaluation tools is provided below: Grade Instruments: % of Final Grade Forum Topics 5 0% Weekly Quizzes 10% Week 3 Essay 1 0% Week 5 Essay 1 0% Final Presentation (Week 7 ) 2 0% 100% Forums The f orum s are the primary means of class . Each f orum requires that the student post one original response to a forum question. See the forum rubric for evaluation standards . The forums are set up so students must post their responses before being able to read what other students have researched and submitted. Each week there is a choice of two forum questions. A response is only required to one of them, but replies to other students should address responses in both questions. Please be sure that you have completed and proofread your work before posting it. You will not be able to delete or edit your work once you've submitted it, similar to the way exams and papers will not be returned for corrections after they have been submitted. Note: Satisfactorily m eeting forum minimum requirements will result in a grade of a C or higher (A, B, or C). It is not a guarantee that an A will be earned. Quizzes Each week has a ten-question quiz due . Questions are multiple choice and answers are taken from the readings in the lesson readings or the required textbook readings. All quizzes have a 30-minute time limit to complete them. Please study ahead of time because there will not be enough time to look up the answers to all ten questions during the quiz. Class Project Assignments Three short essays

Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay Essays

Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay Essays Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay Essay Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay Essay Social Work is at an of import phase in its development as a profession non merely in the United Kingdom but around the universe. All professions must be antiphonal and proactive to altering societal and economic climes and conditions if they are to run into the demands of the people they are functioning. It is indispensable for Social Workers to be able to rehearse in conformity with societal work values and to retain a clear professional individuality, and at the same clip to be able to work efficaciously with other professional groups and bureaus. Although there are many footings used to depict working together with other professions such as joint working, inter-professional working, multi-disciplinary working and inter-agency working the term presently used by the Department of Health publications is collaborative pattern ( Whittington 2003b ) . New ways of working that crossed professional boundaries had to be created, in order to let a more flexible attack to care bringing ( Malin et al, 2002 ) . Collaboration in wellness and societal attention is a comparatively new field of survey, with the first major surveies being undertaken in the 1980s ( Roy, 2001 ) . In wellness and societal attention collaborative working is frequently referred to as Inter-professional working, as it is non merely about professionals working together. The patients, clients or service users are a cardinal portion of the squad. At its simplest the construct of coaction infers that people from different professional and academic backgrounds form a working relationship for the intent of enhanced service proviso. However, the exact nature of the partnership is likely to be contested, whilst to the full incorporate joined-up collaborative pattern has so far proven elusive. Effective communicating is an indispensable constituent of the traditional societal work functions and duties. It is hence every bit necessary for societal workers to besides hold effectual communicating accomplishments if they are to advance self-help and authorization to those whom they are supplying a service for. Lishman ( 1994 ) reminds us that attention directors and suppliers will hold to utilize a scope of communicating and interpersonal accomplishments if community attention is truly to intend attention, pick and authorization of others. Collaborative working implies: witting interaction between the parties to accomplish a common end ( Meads A ; Ashcroft, 2005 ) . It recognises both difference A ; similarity. Collaboration is a procedure by which members of different subjects portion their accomplishments and expertness to supply a better quality service to patients, clients or service users ( Hughes, Hemingway A ; Smith, 2005 ) . The sharing of information agencies both acquiring information and giving it. The act of deriving information in Social Work is an indispensable undertaking the information gained can be used for legion intents such as: Making an appraisal of demand or hazard Writing a study Planing an intercession To warrant obtaining resource The something or benefit is sometimes called collaborative advantage , and it can be seen as the fuel of collaborative working the greater the possible or existent advantage gained by all parties, the greater the degrees of energy fuelling the coaction. Harmonizing to Wilson ( 2008 ) and Hughes, Hemmingway A ; Smith ( 2005 ) inter-professional and collaborative working means sing the service user in a holistic manner, and it benefits the service user when different administrations, such as Social Workers, District Nurses, Occupational Therapists and other wellness professionals come together to supply a better service. These definitions describe collaborative working as the act of people working together toward common ends. Integrated working involves seting the service user at the centre of determination doing to run into their demands and better their lives ( Dept. Health, 2009 ) . Effective coaction and interaction will hold positive results within a on the job environment for both the squads working together and the service user. Agencies should be encouraged to portion information to guarantee that all demands of the service users are met but besides to guarantee the safety of the service user and the other squads involved. Caring for People ( Dept. Health, 1989 ) stated that successful coaction required a clear, common apprehension by every bureau of each other s duties and powers, in order to do kick how and with whom coaction should be secured. The authorities has been advancing inter-agency and collaborative working since the late 80 s which besides saw a alteration in the policies set Forth by the authoritiess and a legislative background was created to advance self-collaboration between companies. The declared purpose has been to create high quality, needs-led, coordinated services that maximised pick for the service user. ( Payne, 1995 ) . Recent events and media calls have focused collaborative working entirely on Social Work every bit stated in Pollard, Sellman A ; Senior ( 2005 ) and when viewed as a good thing , it is worthwhile to critically analyze its benefits and drawbacks. ( Leathard, 2003 ) . The old authorities set away programs to overhaul the Social Services every bit good as update the NHS. A clear indicant of this can be found in NHS Plan ( Dept. Health, 2000 ) and Overhauling the Social Services ( Dept. Health, 1998a ) . This was non in fact a new program it was portion of a turning accent stemming from the 1970s. The decease of Maria Coldwell in 1974 meant there were inquiries asked why professionals were non able to protect kids who they had identified as most at hazard. The Cleveland Inquiry 1988 resulted in the direct antonym of 1974 when the methods of the Social Services were deemed excessively rigorous and over powering, it was deemed that kids were removed from their households when there was little concrete grounds of injury or maltreatment ( Butler-Sloss, 1988 ) , with excessively much accent put on the medical sentiment. The old authorities set away programs to overhaul the Social Services every bit good as update the NHS. A clear indicant of this can be found in NHS Plan ( Dept. Health, 2000 ) and Overhauling the Social Services ( Dept. Health, 1998a ) . This was non in fact a new program it was portion of a turning accent stemming from the 1970s. The decease of Maria Coldwell in 1974 meant there were inquiries asked why professionals were non able to protect kids who they had identified as most at hazard. The Cleveland Inquiry 1988 resulted in the direct antonym of 1974 when the methods of the Social Services were deemed excessively rigorous and over powering, it was deemed that kids were removed from their households when there was little concrete grounds of injury or maltreatment ( Butler-Sloss, 1988 ) , with excessively much accent put on the medical sentiment. The Munro Report ( 2010 ) stated that other service bureaus can non and should non replace Social Worker s, but there is a demand for bureaus to prosecute professionally about kids, immature people and households on their caseloads. The Children s Act 2004 was introduced after the public enquiry into the decease of Victoria Climbie in 2000 ; the same public enquiry besides resulted in the Every Child Matters motion. The failure to join forces efficaciously was highlighted as one of many missed chances by the enquiry into the tragic decease of Victoria Climbie ( Laming, 2003 ) and Baby Peter ( Munro, 2010 ) . Expressing what you all want to accomplish in clear, outcomes-oriented linguistic communication, and being able to continually recheck those results as your work together returns, is the individual most of import key to successful coaction. However, it is really rather hard to show results in ways that are unambiguous and clearly understood by all of the possible or existent confederates. The quality of communicating is critical. Poor communicating is frequently behind many of the differences that threaten to procrastinate collaborative working relationships. Clear lines of communicating demand to be established across the establishments that make up a pool to guarantee everyone is cognizant of and is able to transport out the recognized policies and processs. Accountabilities, in peculiar, should be good defined. Engagement and engagement of service user is besides critical in the Social Work field. This after all is the chief donee of the collaborative on the job strategy and your end as a Social Worker is to run into their demands and ends. If you show the service user regard they excessively will give you a common regard which will let the Social Workers and other elements of the collaborative squad to accomplish their common ends. However donees do non hold to be cognizant that an activity is being delivered in partnership for the partnership to be successful. Regular reappraisals and users feedback can assist mensurate its impact. Collaborative advantage will be achieved when something remarkably originative is produced possibly an aim is met that no administration could hold produced on its ain and when each administration, through coaction, is able to accomplish its ain aims better than it could entirely . ( Huxham, 1996 ) . Huxham was demoing that coaction will work when it is done decently, and when we as Social Workers put aside any biass that are under lying in our working outlook and besides our personal outlook, we will work good with other Fieldss and patterns to organize a more efficient and organized service. By larning with, from and about one another practicians can understand several functions and duties, generate common trust, beef up relationships and better collaborative pattern ( Barr et al 2005 ) . To summarize and reason the development of collaborative working will doubtless necessitate a alteration in civilization and values amongst wellness and societal attention professionals ; nevertheless it is working and developing rapidly and for the better of non merely the collaborating bureaus but besides for the service users.

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Relations - Essay Example As much as the United States opted to become a member country of the United Nations and party to the ratification of internal laws and agreements, it was mandatory for it to obtain permission from the UN to invade Iraq in 2003. This is mainly due to the voluntary decision of US leaders to become a member of the UN and thus, subject to all agreements enacted at the UN level. It is mandatory for all member-countries to abide by the rules and regulations of the UN most especially when these were made with the consent of its members, and US is obviously one of them. There were several instances that the US have practiced their obligation before the members of the UN Security Council and one of these instances were when US Secretary Colin Powell presented the George Bush’s view on February 5 before the council [1]. This meant that the US respected their role and the role of the UN with regards to the international conflict. Powell argued that Resolution 1441 of the Security Council aimed at disarming Iraq of its weapons of mass destruction. Powell insisted that Iraq was already found guilty of material breach whatever hat may mean. But it would soon be established but no sooner than in 2002 that the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) found no trace of evidence about weapons of mass destruction in Iraq [2]. ... In addition, Article 51 arose from the need for imminent self-defense when Council deliberation can no longer be an applicable due to the urgency of an action. The US appeared exaggerating at that time to argue that Article 51 was applicable for Iraq to be invaded by force by the US. 2. What are the implications of the Iraq war for nation-state sovereignty? There are various negative implications [6] of the Iraq war for nation-state sovereignty but with contrasting meanings for nations depending on the level of military might. The Iraq war meant that the United States remain a superpower to reckon with. Its administration decides when, where, who, and why attack an individual, or a nation-state. This was a dangerous period of democracy and international relations as US through its president George Bush defied the mandate of the international body when it comes to actions beyond the US borders and territory. It flouted its force and might among the organization of nations, and togethe r with the United Kingdom which supported the US, they showed that their intents backed by might and a blinded military are above any kind of international law and understanding. It acted like the Nazi Germany for occupying other nations. The international laws that they tried to use as an excuse to invade Iraq were lame and a breach of UN membership. They have brazenly shown that for economic reasons that will benefit their oil magnates – British’ Shell and 14 other contractors [7]. For the part of Iraq and other nations that future US leaders will have their hot eyes on like Iran and North Korea, and the rest of other nation states in the world who cannot stand the force of a superpower, the implication

The effect of a New Technology on Society, Education, Entertainment, Research Paper

The effect of a New Technology on Society, Education, Entertainment, Financial Interests - Research Paper Example To gain a thorough understanding of the effect that technology has we will look at the impact it has had on the social, educational, entertainment as well as financial spheres. As far as technology goes the impact that it has had on the society has been in phenomenal. Every aspect of life has been altered due to the impression made by technology. It not only affects people regardless of their ages worldwide but it also goes to reflect the novelty that the human mind is capable of. How the society is affected by the introduction of rapid technological innovations can be categorized by looking at the most altering technologies. The first of these is the internet technology. Gone are the times when people struggle to gain information and date in order to make critical decisions. The introduction of the internet fills that information gap providing consumers with a wealth of information to make smart and informed decisions. It provides a platform for students as well as teachers for cons ultation or referrals. The Internet provides a place for businesses as well as individuals to find the information that they need and the exchange of information a simplified process. Not only can through proper usage companies build themselves it can enable consumers to easily search for specific services tailor made for them (McGinn, 2001). Despite the ease of information and flexibility that is the result of the technological progress of the World Wide Web there are other negative implications that it has contributed to as far as the society is concerned. True that consumer can make better decisions resulting in an influx of products that are of higher quality and value. Also it has lead to the world moving towards a society where individuals everywhere are integrated and a lot more connected however there are harmful implications of this technology as well. The first of these is the availability of harmful and unhealthy material reliable online that is easy to access for everyon e regardless of age. There are then also individuals who publish harmful material on the internet and due to weak controls to censor children and adults alike have easy access. Internet crime, in terms of hacking, blackmailing and manipulation online is another negative implication due to the introduction of this technology. Cyber crime is now a threatening advent of the society on which is possible only due to the introduction of internet technology. The introduction of nano technology is also deep rooted as far as the restructuring of the society is concerned. It has impacted not only the area of human health, by the use of nanotechnology to treat diseases like cancer but also the way it can be used to dismantle cancer tumors. The health sector has made numerous advancements which have led to the treatment of diseases effectively and enhancing human health leading to higher life expectancy. In addition to the impact on the health sector, the electronics industry is also affected d ue to nanotechnology. This can be seen in the way the use of the nano, variable devices and applications can be built. A significant incorporation of this concept is used for combat as well as espionage for considerable improvements in military strength and defense. Energy technology is another category which has impacted the society and our way of living today. This can be seen by the introduction of solar, wind and hydrogen technology of the battery. These

Change Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Change Model - Assignment Example How change is introduced in an organization greatly determines how it will be accepted by the employees which will contribute to organizational success. Companies want to grow and expand in the long run but the problem arises where change is an intimidating step among the management and employees since the outcome is unknown and since they are moving out of their comfort zone (Van de Ven & Sun 2011). For change to be effective, a detailed plan has to be made in advance, implementation has to be slow and steady and most importantly is that the people it affects have to be consulted and involved in the change process rather than being by- standers. The change has to be measurable, ideally achievable and realistic. Some important questions need to be answered before introducing the change; what is it that we want to attain from the change, how will we know that we have attained the change we long for, who are the people that will be directly affected by the change and what is their expe cted response? It is by answering these questions that will form the basis of how to explain to the employees of the reasons for the change and help them understand and contribute positively towards the achieving the change (Van de Ven & Sun 2011). ... Since opening up the shop in Shanghai is for a short time, the organization may be testing the waters to see how well their company will respond to international change where the people as well as their culture are different. In the first stage of unfreeze, the organizations tries to break the status quo by explaining that these changes are necessary and should be accepted for the company to grow. The key to this stage is to develop a compelling message to the employees of the need for change perhaps due to worrying financial results, poor customer satisfaction, or just the need for improvement and expansion of the company for it to grow (Van de Ven & Sun 2011). For the change to be successful, it is important that the employees be prepared psychologically by changing their core beliefs and attitudes about the organization. If the company wants to go global, there is need to change the mindset of the employees, stopping them from looking at the company in its regional state but as an international company. For goals to be achieved, they have to be foreseen before they are worked towards achieving them. The first part is very hard and stressful since when change starts, people have to start adapting to the new ways of doing things which pushes them off balance. It is for this reason that during early stages of the new store would seem slow and progress to be almost none. If this phase is not handled carefully, rebellion is likely to be seen among the employees (Mariana & Violeta 2011). The second phase is the change part where people are inculcated into the new radical ways of doing things. People have to see that the change is meant to benefit the entire company.

Individual Learner Difference In Second Language Acquisition Education Essay

Individual Learner Difference In Second Language Acquisition Education Essay SLA (Second language acquisition) is a process through which an individual learns a second language as an additional language after having learned a native language already. SLA involves broad research and is considered a branch of applied linguistics. The concept is also related to education, neuroscience sociolinguistics, and psychology. Learning a second language is not an easy task, this is a practice that involves commitment, study, dedication, patient as well as time in order to develop. People who learn a second language do not do it because is just a compulsory subject at school, but because they feel encouraged to learn it , considering factors such us, communication with foreigners, academic studies and better opportunities to find a good job. Research has shown that there are differences among second language learners that significantly affect language learning success. As a result, the study of individual differences (IDs) especially in language learning motivation and language aptitude has been attributed to researches on L2 studies dating back to the 1960s. Motivation is what guides people to accomplish and be successful in all areas of life. Regarding the classroom environment, this term is the basis of how enthusiastic or unwilling students are to learn and the guidance force to maintain the extensive and sometimes tiresome learning process. Both the degree of motivation and educational success frequently seem to go hand in hand, which can be clearly observed throughout the teaching practice. This essay seeks to explore and discuss in detail one individual learner difference in second language acquisition, which is motivation. Apart from defining the term, regarding different authors, the essay will also include the analysis of the various types of motivation, as well as, the role motivation plays in second language classrooms. And finally, ways of fostering motivation will be proposed. The term Motivation in SLA One of the individual learner differences in SLA is motivation, which is a term difficult to define, since its meaning could depend on the individuals and their cultures. DÃ ¶rnyei (2002: 1) says that motivation is best seen as a broad umbrella term that covers a variety of meanings, but simultaneously this author also describes motivation as the factor in charge of determining why individuals decide to carry out an action, the amount of effort people invest in the tasks as well as the rate of perseverance people put when completing various activities. Alike DÃ ¶rnyei, Passer and Smith (2004: 327) perceive motivation as a process that influences the direction, persistence and vigour of goal-directed behaviour. According to Gardner (1985), motivation is what makes people to act towards a given situation. Taking into consideration all these definitions which state what the term of motivation is, it can be deduced that the concept refer to some type of energy that guides individuals t o undertake a task in their lives. The motivated language learner Lightbown and Spada (2002) point out that motivation is a factor that plays an important role in language learning success. In the context of language learning is what pushes a pupil to gain knowledge of the English language. The importance of motivation in relation to achieving the goals of learning English as a Second Language according to Naiman et al, (1978) is that it gives the learner the ability to tolerate ambiguity; a need for achievement; a positive orientation towards the task; high aspirations; ego involvement; perseverance and goal orientation. Therefore, a motivated language student is a person who has positive attitudes towards the target language. These attitudes are shown when the second language learner makes efforts to acquire the language and has a consistent desire of studying and discovering new and additional material. Moreover, looking for opportunities and ways where he or she will be able to put in practice the target language. An additional way of defining a motivated learner is when learning the second language is a comfortable situation for the apprentice, taking pleasure in the tasks involved. Furthermore, a pupil that experience a high level of motivation will doubtless feel pleased about learning the language. Researchers have arisen several explanations of what encourages learners to study a foreign language; they have found that motivational factors are fundamental at the time of speaking about second language success. Types of motivation As it was mentioned before, there are diverse meanings for motivation in SLA, regardless of the words they basically refer to the same notion. Also, there are different factors which somewhat vary depending on the authors points of view. I will refer in this essay to the different types of motivation, taking into consideration different authors. Extrinsic and Intrinsic motivation: The words extrinsic and intrinsic are to some extent complicated, given that both terms do not seem to have a clear definition in the field of second language acquisition. Passer and Smith (2004) cite extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, even though Noels (2002) uses the terms extrinsic and intrinsic orientations. For these authors, Passer and Smith and Noel, extrinsic signifies that people carry out an action to accomplish an external goal or evade punishment, while by intrinsic motivation the authors altogether mean that students do activities, due to the satisfaction they get from the tasks themselves. Activities that motivate students intrinsically are likened to enjoyable activities, fun, or things that students do out of their own choice. Some of the conducted studies assert that intrinsically motivating activities lead to improved learning by the students. The difference between Passer Smith (2004) and Noels (2002) is just the notion motivation and orientations, in view of the fact that both terms involved different approaches of motivation. The initial term proposes that the motivation itself comes from outside or within; while the term orientation suggests that it is rather the different triggers of motivation that comes from outside or within. Although, Glasser (1996) does not use the terms intrinsic and extrinsic, he provides a third route to see where motivation comes from. He states that motivation is produced trying to satisfied the essential desires which all human beings own. For instance, the need of entertainment. He points out that even if a person is influenced by the environment, all motivation still comes from inside the individual, because it is he or she who really choose whether or not and how to carry out an activity. Though I concur with Glasser that just the individuals are the ones who make their own decisions, I think that what motivates people, are factors which can be both external and internal. Alternatively, Garden and Lambet (1972) coined the following terms to classify motivation. Integrative Motivation Garden and Lambet (1972) describe this term as the desire that the learners have to familiarize themselves with the culture of the ethnic group that speaks the language they intend to learn. Gardner (2002) himself perceives Integrativeness as one of the factors that conduct to motivation for second language learning, and by this he suggests that whether learners have the hope to come nearer the L2 community they will have real desire in learning and studying the second language. Besides, the term also refers to the degree at which the learner desires to understand the target community. Essentially, integrative motivation refers to a learners desire to expand their association with the community that they are targeting. Saville Troike, (2005) affirm that the main triggers of this type of motivation are emotions or affective factors. For instance, a Chilean boy who come to live in London for a time, meet an English girl and fall in love with her. He will have the desire and motivation to learn English in order to communicate with his girlfriend and integrate into the new culture and become part of the community. As Chile is mainly a monocultural society, chances to utilize the second language in daily conversations are fairly limited. Therefore, learners do not feel motivated to learn the second language to become part of the community, since they just need their first language to interact. It can be discussed that integrative motivation is an intrinsic factor, because it implies that learning a second language is more a final aim itself rather than a mean to accomplish a final goal, due to the authentic desire on the learning tasks (Noels (2002). Instrumental Motivation: One more term that Gardner and Lambert made up is instrumental motivation which Lightbown Spada (2002: 56) introduce as language learning for more immediate or practical goals. Very similar to integrative motivation, instrumental motivation also sees language learning as an instrument to accomplish a goal rather than the satisfaction in the action itself. However, what distinguishes both terms is the final aim, which in integrative motivation is the interaction in the L2 community while in instrumental motivation the ultimate goal is more practical, for instance, obtaining a better job, career developmental or passing exams. For most Chilean learners of English instrumental motivation is the key element at the time to learn English as a second language. For Lightbown Spada (2002) both types of motivation are important , they say that whether the students feel the necessity to interact in the second language in various social situations or to accomplish academic and professional aspirations, the communicative value of the foreign language will be perceived and therefore, they will feel encouraged to get proficiency in the language. I agree with the authors that both types of motivation are important to acquire a second language, However for Chilean people integrative motivation is far to be seen as a reason to study the second language due to the fact that Chile , as I mentioned earlier, is a monocultural and monolingual society. Classroom Learning Motivation vs. Language Learning Motivation When considering second language acquisition and motivation, it is important to put two motivational constructs into consideration. Research has shown that there are two categories of motivation that should be put into account when discussing SLA. This mainly deals with the difference that exists between classroom learning motivation and language learning motivation. Language learning motivation refers to the desire to learn a second language. Language learning motivation includes evaluated second language acquisition, socio-educational representation (Gardner, 1985), the preparedness to converse model (Clement, Dornyei, MacIntyre Noels, 1998) among others. It is the universal type of motivation that applies to any context of learning a language. The universal attributes of the learner relate to the need to learn the language. Clements (1980) social context model, Gardners (1985) SLA social-education model among others, agree that the motivation or desire to learn a second language is a characteristic that has considerable effects on the individual although they are different when it comes to assessment, correlates and antecedents. The other type of motivation is the learning motivation in a classroom. According to Heckhausen and Kuhl (1985), classroom-learning motivation is the general educational psychology as described by Dornyeis model of post-actional, actional, and pre-actional motivation model. Although it is seen to be an important part to motivation as a whole, the SLA socio-educational model by Gardner, (1985), characterizes it. The main focus is the persons view on the mission to be achieved and to a large extent, it is state oriented. This means that a number of issues that are related to the language class will affect the individuals perception. As a result, the atmosphere in the class, the teacher, the contents of the course, facilities and materials combined with the students personal attributes will affect the persons motivation when it comes to classroom learning. It is hard to differentiate between the two categories of motivation because they control the individual at any particular time. Therefore, it is important to consider both classes of motivation operative. Just as hard as it is to define motivation, it is equally difficult to give an explanation to the meaning of learning a second language. According to Gardner, the motivational strength can only be estimated from questionnaires based on an individuals attitude and is considered to be a hidden psychometric characteristic. Other educational practices have applied the use of indicators that have been observed from individuals behavior in response to a given task. This depends on the persons selection of tasks, which is determined by the level of difficulty, the persistency of the learner to tackle the problem at hand, the extent at which an individual participates in a group or class activities, the span of attention and focus, or the qualitative information available on spoken reports of self-regulation and self-monitoring. The new research program by Crookes and Schmidt (1991) includes the advancements made in the universal educational, which has narrowed to the field of language learning motivation. This directs its focus on individuals, the approaches that the learner might implement in the learning process, the learning contexts, and the observable conduct of class members. Following the inception of the new outline, the areas of interest have shifted to the learner as an individual. In Covingtons self-worthy theory (1998), the importance of the learners ideas were emphasized, their own beliefs, the strategy they use, and the level of their desire to deal with the task at hand. The self- efficacy concept by Bandura (1997) is a very important related characteristic which assesses the level at which learners gauge their potential and their own management. Individuals who have this ability come up with an efficient motivational thinking strategy and are able to reduce the risk of failure and increase t heir chances of success while depending less on outside obligatory measures and strategies. Motivation: Individual Learner Difference in Chilean Culture Clement and Noels (1996) indicate that the cultural settings present different language learning and individual learner differences. In the Chilean cultural setting, the motivation to learn the English language offer some challenges to the learners due to most of the students who attend Chilean public schools are in social risk. In addition, many of the learners may be discouraged to put personal effort in learning the language because of the fact that they may not find the language useful outside the educational setting. Others may be of the opinion that their chances of travelling to a country where English is spoken as a native language are rather minimal. Furthermore, challenges that come with teaching a class that has many students may affect the effectiveness of the teachers and the quality of the lesson. This together with the little interest towards learning the English language may influence negatively the motivation to teach as well as the motivation to learn. Fostering Motivation The best ways to foster motivation is to create a good environment, which is beneficial for second language learning. This can be done by reducing the number of students per class to ensure that the instruction given by the English teachers is of good quality. The teachers should also come up with plans that apply to both slow learners and fast learners so as to ensure that those who do not grasp quickly are not left far behind because this may demotivate them to continue learning. The schools may consider initiating exchange programs with schools where English is the native language. This would give students the feeling that studying English is not an effort in vain but a step in the right direction since it would help them in securing jobs and touring other parts of the world. Moreover, teachers should come up with a timetable that gives us enough time to prepare for our classes by getting the necessary materials as well as reflecting on the success of the program. This would help us in coming up with a better plan to teach hence improving our teaching methodology. It would also help teachers find ways of motivating their own students. With the relevant authorities ensuring that, schools are well equipped to teach English as a second language, students will be motivated to learn and teachers will be motivated to teach. Conclusion The above discussion has provided an analysis of motivation as an individual learner difference. There have been numerous research studies exploring individual learner differences, which have indicated that the main reason why many L2 students fail while others succeed effortlessly is the presence of different student characteristics such as language aptitude, motivation, or personality traits. The motivation of the student is very important in the learning process and is regarded as the key factor that contributes to the success of SLA. Research has revealed that intrinsic motivation is more successful than external or extrinsic motivation over the long term. Some students learning rate is higher as compared to others. Some learners are able to grasp quickly and they go on to the level of reaching near-native competence while slow learners experience difficulties in the early stages of the learning process. Recently conducted research has shown that this disparity is caused by the p articular strategy adopted by the learner, motivation, anxiety, personality, as well as societal and social influences. Research has clearly shown that the intensity of the students motivation to its highest level, including the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components are the most important aspects towards success in SLA. Since the integrative motive incorporates the aspect of being open to cultural identification as part of the process, it tries to imply that integration may be more connected to achieving highest level of achievement as compared to other types of motivation that do not have this component. Classroom learning motivation seems to be a system that encourages individuals to acquire specific language elements but for the students to be masters of the language, more is needed. In my opinion, the integrative motivation provides the students with a better platform for SLA. A teachers role in the process of learning a second language is rather complicated but very important. It surpasses the provision of reward since the whole experience is dependent on the self-efficacy of the student. The teachers role entails providing challenging yet supportive environment to allow the students to learn and explore their potential. The teachers are also supposed to help their students to develop their own motivational thinking by discovering their original orientation. The most challenging aspect in all of this is trying to avoid anything that may de-motivate the students. Although it is very much possible to imagine other forms of motivation, the type of motivation does not matter very much. The difference that emerges between instrumental and integrative motivation, or between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation does very little in helping us to understand the role that motivation plays in second language acquisition.

college tuition :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Public college tuition fees need to increase and not have a ceiling set on them because over time instructional costs increase due to rising wages, salaries and inflation. If there were a ceiling government taxes would increase, and last many amenities would have to be subtracted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, over time instructional costs increase due to rising wages, salaries and inflation. If tuition does not increase the salary of employees will decrease and jobs will have to be cut, because there will not be enough money. Along with a smaller faculty there will also be less class choice and increase in class size. Both of these things will result in a lower quality of education because there would not be enough money due to a tuition ceiling. The tuition that students and families pay goes towards the students education. According to Karen Arenson of the New York Times some colleges are already cutting back, taking such steps as eliminating faculty positions and reducing class sizes. These things are already happening without a tuition ceiling. Just think that all colleges would have to do this instead of some if there was a tuition ceiling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a ceiling was set on tuition at all public colleges in the united states there would be a drastic increase in government taxes. Tuition at public universities is usually shared between the government or taxpayers, and the parents and student. As student costs increase such as maintenance, room, board, travel, laundry, and entertainment taxes would have to increase to cover the additional expenses. The failure of tuition to increase at the same rate as the increases of wages and salaries in the economy will require additional government revenues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  College isn’t all about bookwork. College is a place to have and experience new things. If a ceiling was set on tuition there would be almost no money to fund extracurricular activities such athletic and cultural facilities and other programs. Also colleges would not be able to pay for extensive libraries and new technology for students without tuition.

Advantages And Disvantages About Television Essay

How many hours a day do you watch television? Television has had a deep impact on everybody’s life. This powerful appliance has become an addiction for most people. Children, teenagers, adults and also babies spend hours and hours in front of the screen. Nowadays, it cannot be denied that this technological window is one of the main massive media; however not everything it offers is favorable. Many advantages and disadvantages can be discussed about the TV set. The main media of the world has been and remains to be television. Many advantages can be accounted for this. First of all, news is broadcast around the world immediately. People are notified about politics, social problems, natural catastrophes, of any part of the world without delay. Moreover, entertainment programs are so popular events in people’s life that families enjoy a variety of top-rated TV shows and films without the necessity of going out from their houses. Last but not least, it is important to remark that educational programs can be imparted through this communication channel from which, even in the furthest places, a man could benefit from. On the other hand, there are also many drawbacks to TV. One of the main problems that current society has is sedentariness; people spend too many hours immersed in this world, what turns them into lazy beings, who will eventually shirk their duties. For children and babies times of outdoor activities seem to have finished, consequently the goggle box is now known as the mechanical nanny. At last, in the same way that this TV set imparts education, it also shows immoral programs, violence and an inappropriate use of language, which most of the times has a deep influence on every member of the human civilization. To my way of thinking there should be a control system on what television shows, or at least schedules specifying suitable timetables for some kinds of programs, not without forgetting that people must be conscious about their own use of this boob tube. Sedentariness: sedentarismo. I took references from Oxford Dictionary.

How to Make Marbled and Scented Paper

How to Make Marbled and Scented Paper Its super-easy to make elegant marbled paper, which you can use for a variety of projects including gift wrap. What you may not know is you can scent your paper while you marble it. Paper Marbling Materials papershaving creamfood coloring or paintssilverwareshallow pan, large enough for your papersqueegee or paper towels You can use any paper for this project and will get slightly different effects depending on your selection. I used ordinary printer paper. You can use any shaving cream, too. I would probably aim for the least expensive brand you can find, but what I actually used was scented shaving gel. If you use peppermint-scented shaving cream then you can make paper that smells like candy canes. If you use floral scented shaving cream then your marbled paper will carry a subtle floral fragrance. The other material used in this project is pigment or ink. The blue/red/green box in the photo is wrapped with marbled paper colored using food coloring. The pink/orange/blue box is wrapped with marbled paper that was colored with tempera poster paints. You can use any pigment you like, so be creative! Make Marbled Paper Spread a thin layer of shaving cream in the bottom of the pan. I used a spoon, but you can use a knife or spatula or your fingers. All you need is a shallow coating.Dot the surface of the shaving cream with food coloring or paint or pigment or whatever colorant you are using.Use your imagination to pattern the colors. I simply ran the tines of a fork through the colors in a wavy fashion. Dont get too enthusiastic swirling your colors or else they will run together.Lay your paper on top of the colored layer in the pan. I smoothed the paper out over the shaving cream.Remove the paper and either squeegee off the shaving cream (wiping between passes) or wipe the shaving cream off with a dry paper towel. If you do this carefully, none of your colors will run or be distorted.Allow your paper to dry. If it curls, you can iron it flat using low heat. I didnt have any problem with printer paper distorting. The marbled paper will be smooth and slightly glossy. Neither the food colorings nor tempera paints transferred off of the paper once it was dry. Some people like to spray marbled paper with a fixative. I probably would not treat the paper if your goal is to make a scented and colored paper, since fixing the paper might mask the fragrance.

Controversial Commercial Advertising Gone Too Far

Controversial Commercial Advertising Gone Too Far Free Online Research Papers â€Å"You can tell the ideals of a nation by its advertisements.† Norman Douglas, South Wind, 1917. You can also tell the ideals of a community, city, town, country, and society by its commercial advertisements. In our society controversial commercial advertising is used often to raise eye brows, as well as to get attention for the â€Å"product† that the corporations are trying to sell. Controversial commercial advertising is just a sick way to further degrade and oppress a nation. To be able to understand the problem we must first understand exactly what commercial advertising means and compare it with controversial commercial advertising. Dictionary.com says â€Å"to announce or praise (a product, service, etc.) in some public medium of communication in order to induce people to buy or use it.† Now since the true definition of commercial advertising is put to light, then what would be the definition for controversial commercial advertising? Well you can’t find controversial commercial advertising in any dictionary, but look up controversial on dictionary.com and the meaning will be there. Dictionary.com states â€Å"A controversy is a contentious dispute, a disagreement in opinions over which parties are actively arguing. Controversies can range from private disputes between two individuals to large-scale social upheavals. Controversies in mathe matics and the sciences are generally eventually solved. It is the nature of controversies in the humanities that they cannot generally be conclusively settled and may be accompanied by the disruption of peace and even quarreling.† With that being said I will take you through a narrow path that should hopefully change your view on how our society chooses to advertise on television to our children, to our daughters, and to our sons. The amount of alcohol advertising that is televised through out our states is horrific, for instance beer, wine, and liquor commercials are all examples of alcohol advertising these types of commercials are made to advertise directly to our youth. For an example there is a commercial out now advertising Tanqueray Gin. In the commercial a young man is in a state of sublime ecstasy as he is passing out Tanqueray to all of the young beautiful women around him asking the viewers â€Å"Do you tanqueray?† Now what type of message do you think this commercial is sending out to young viewers? Is it trying to say that drinking Tanqueray will give you sublime ecstasy and beautiful women, but all too often the exact opposite happens to drinkers. In a report done by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services it stated that young people are the biggest consumers of alcohol as well as the biggest naà ¯ve drinkers (1997). Combining low tolerance and high motivation is a deadly co mbination! So instead of a night in ecstasy it’s nothing more but a night of disasters; drunk driving crashes, property damage, date rapes, unwanted pregnancies are just to name a few (U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources 1997). In the same report they also mention that the alcohol companies target the youth in the commercials for higher sales for their product! How ridiculous and yet depressing at the same time. Because of these controversial commercials we need someone out there to fight back so a majority of these commercials being aired would soon be a small amount. It doesn’t just stop there Alcohol industries need to put out more responsible ads on television so that they could advertise their product without targeting the young. Responsible adverting that discourages sexually provocative alcohol commercials from being aired. This is the key to ending a majority of alcohol mayhap and hopefully encouraging responsible drinking. It can happen I’ve seen it done with cigarette commercials. I remember this commercial when I was a little girl; of a cowboy who was rounding up his live stock and after having a long days job done he took out a match from his cowboy hat rubbed it against his rough mustache and lit his cigarette. Maybe you already guessed what commercial I was talking about; if you guessed the Marlboro man then that guess is absolutely correct. The cigarette commercials for a time used to rule our air ways. Until now, instead of a good looking cowboy rounding up live stock we have the â€Å"TRUTH† commercials which are exactly the opposite. As an alternative they talk about the horrible and disgusting truth about smoking. Some would argue that the truth commercials are not meant for younger viewers thus making them controversial but I think not, if you think about it this way which commercial would you want your child to see? Speaking of children how many of you have gone bankrupt or broke after spending money on gifts for your children for the biggest holiday of all Christmas? Statistics show that more commercials are now targeting children think about cell phone carries, toys, video games, and theme parks not to mention cloths. Wow if you’re a parent with a family of four I hope you have some sort of savings. This isn’t just hitting high income families its low income families that are most likely to be the victims here as well (Department of Health Education and Welfare 1969). What can we do about this? Our country is nothing more but one gigantic advertisement after another! Worse of all the advertisements are nothing more but controversial. For an example the video game GTA which is Grand Theft Auto is showing kids that stealing cars and killing cops is appropriate. In a world where anything goes and a society that thrives on wealth how much should be over the limits? When do we take a stand and seriously view how products are being advertised and to whom they are being advertised to? That’s the way to getting to a place of greatness, when we can look at what’s being aired to our nation and put on more positive factual ads that are not poisoning our minds with lies, sex, or low-self-esteem, as Norman Douglas once put it â€Å"You can tell the ideals of a nation by its advertisements.† So how about we have those advertisements show who we really are a great nation. References Definitions of Advertising and Controversial. Retrieved September 11, 2007, from dictionary.com U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources 1997. Retrieved September 11, 2007, from Axia Library Department of Health Education and Welfare 1969. Retrieved September 10, 2007 from Thomas Gale PowerSearch Database Research Papers on Controversial Commercial Advertising Gone Too FarGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenWhere Wild and West MeetQuebec and CanadaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Summary essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Summary - Essay Example In order to convince the public, she used facts, statistics, and name calling to present her arguments. Emma Watson delivered a game-changing and persuasive speech about feminism at the United Nations assembly (â€Å"Emma Watson’s UN speech: has it been effective?†). The much talked about speech was highly admired and went viral in the social media, as well as elicited mixed reactions. She delivered the speech six months after her appointment as the Goodwill Ambassador to the United Nations. She did this in an attempt to promote and push the new United Nation’s HeForShe project. The primary reason for the speech was to discourage stereotyping of women in the society. In addition, Emma’s motive was not only advocate the empowering of women, but also liberate some men in the society. Her sole mission was to encourage both sexes to identify as feminists. This speaker addressed all forms of violence and discrimination faced by women and girls in the society. She argued that not only women, girls and transgender that suffered discrimination, but some men too fell victims to these acts. She invited men to join the conversation of feminists since this issue concerns them as well. Her sole intention was to get a large number of men and boys to commit to joining the gender equality campaign. In addition, according to Hashempour (â€Å"Emma Watson’s UN speech: has it been effective?†), she told the world that in order to achieve gender equality and eliminate harmful and destructive stereotypes the idea of masculinity must change. Moreover, Watson used one of the strategies of propaganda to convince the public of her ideas. She adopted the name-calling to get the attention of her audience and project her ideas as favorable (Class Notes Week 8). She mentioned statesman Edmund Burkes and quoted his condemning words that aimed at

Morality and Social Responsibility Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Morality and Social Responsibility - Assignment Example This shows that a person’s wrong behavior solely originates from himself and he bares the whole responsibility. This may be too hard on those who may not understand the rules and end up breaking them. Human beings have different reasoning standards. As others are keen to point out the limits of their actions, others may be slow at it. Actions play a big role in the definition of morality. The actions between two or more individuals define character. These actions originate from different or same habits that these individuals have. One’s action will influence the reaction of another, defining his character. This introduces a second party responsible for one’s action. Therefore, environment (culture) plays a role in defining ones morality (Peter & Nicholas, 2011) A person’s upbringing influences the virtues that he will have when he comes of age. Some virtues are inborn while others are acquired. Culture outlines the norms of one’s society. Many do see that abiding by these norms makes one moral. Culture defines people’s social responsibility, and it enables smooth co-existence among people (Scarlet & Arthur, 2011). This social responsibility can be seen as ones duty to morality. The actions that are done usually are of different purposes. An individual can do action because he needs to benefit by protecting his life. On the other hand, it can be done just for the respect of the law to avoid consequences. In the end these actions, regardless of the reasons for performing them, defines ones morality. Deontology helps to control individuals’ actions and the rights of others who interact. People should reflect on the consequences of their actions to others, before doing them. As people who co-exist, cultural laws outline the moral acts that all of them approve. This helps in the establishment of morality amongst them. Morality may be different in different cultures since the cultures tend to differ in